Chemistry Chapter: Rates of Reaction & Equilibrium
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Questions and Answers

What is the Rf value of a substance that travels 4 cm while the solvent travels 8 cm?

  • 4
  • 2
  • 0.5 (correct)
  • 0.25

    • Which of the following gases can be identified by its ability to relight a glowing splint?

  • Hydrogen
  • Chlorine
  • Oxygen (correct)
  • Carbon dioxide

    • Which of the following is NOT a greenhouse gas?

  • Carbon dioxide (CO₂)
  • Nitrogen (N₂) (correct)
  • Methane (CH₄)
  • Water vapor (H₂O)

    • What is the main source of oxygen in Earth's atmosphere?

    <p>Photosynthesis by plants and algae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a finite resource?

    <p>Solar energy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)?

    <p>To assess the environmental impact of a product (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a step in water treatment that removes solids?

    <p>Filtration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main product of the Haber Process?

    <p>Ammonia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A reversible reaction is at equilibrium. What happens to the rate of the forward reaction if the concentration of the products is increased?

    <p>It increases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects the rate of a chemical reaction?

    <p>Pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between complete and incomplete combustion?

    <p>Complete combustion produces only carbon dioxide and water, while incomplete combustion produces other products like carbon monoxide and soot. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a condensation polymer?

    <p>Nylon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of fractional distillation in the refining of crude oil?

    <p>To separate the different hydrocarbons based on their boiling points. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the functional group present in carboxylic acids?

    <p>-COOH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following techniques can be used to separate substances based on their solubility?

    <p>Chromatography (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a natural polymer?

    <p>Starch (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Rf value

    Ratio of distance moved by substance to distance moved by solvent.

    Tests for Hydrogen gas

    Lit splint creates a squeaky pop when hydrogen is present.

    Tests for Oxygen gas

    Glowing splint relights in the presence of oxygen.

    Tests for Carbon dioxide

    Carbon dioxide turns limewater cloudy when bubbled through.

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    Finite vs. Renewable Resources

    Finite resources are limited (like fossil fuels), while renewable resources can be replenished naturally (like solar energy).

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    Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

    Evaluation of the environmental impact of a product through its life stages: extraction, manufacturing, use, and disposal.

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    Desalination

    Process of removing salt from seawater to produce potable water.

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    Haber Process (Ammonia)

    Chemical process to produce ammonia: N₂ + 3H₂ ⇌ 2NH₃ under high pressure and temperature.

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    Rates of Reaction

    The speed at which reactants are converted to products in a chemical reaction.

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    Collision Theory

    Particles must collide with sufficient energy for reactions to occur.

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    Dynamic Equilibrium

    State when the forward and reverse reactions occur at equal rates.

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    Le Chatelier’s Principle

    If conditions change, equilibrium shifts to oppose that change.

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    Fractional Distillation

    Process to separate mixtures based on boiling points.

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    Complete Combustion

    Reaction with oxygen resulting in carbon dioxide and water.

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    Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

    Hydrocarbons containing double bonds, more reactive than alkanes.

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    Addition Polymerisation

    Process where alkenes join to form polymers.

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    Study Notes

    Rates of Reaction & Equilibrium

    • Factors Affecting Reaction Rate: Temperature, concentration, surface area, and catalysts all influence reaction speed.
    • Collision Theory: Reactions require collisions with sufficient energy (activation energy).
    • Catalysts: Lower activation energy, accelerate reactions without being consumed.
    • Measuring Reaction Rate: Measured via volume of gas produced, mass change, or time taken for reactant disappearance.
    • Reversible Reactions & Equilibrium: Reactions can progress in both directions.
    • Dynamic Equilibrium: Reached when forward and reverse reaction rates are equal.
    • Le Chatelier's Principle: Shifting the balance of a reaction response to change:
      • Increased temperature favors the endothermic reaction.
      • Increased pressure favors the side with fewer gas molecules.
      • Concentration change shifts towards the opposing concentration.

    Crude Oil and Fuels

    • Crude Oil: Mixture of hydrocarbons (primarily alkanes - CnH₂n+₂).
    • Fractional Distillation: Separates hydrocarbons based on boiling points.
    • Fractions: Refinery gases, petrol, kerosene, diesel, and bitumen.
    • Combustion (Complete): Hydrocarbon + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water.
    • Combustion (Incomplete): Produces carbon monoxide (toxic) and soot.
    • Cracking: Breaks down long-chain alkanes into shorter alkanes and alkenes, using heat and catalysts/steam.

    Organic Reactions

    • Alkanes: Saturated hydrocarbons (single bonds), largely unreactive (except for combustion).
    • Alkenes: Unsaturated hydrocarbons (double bonds), highly reactive. React with bromine water, causing it to decolorize. Used in polymer creation.
    • Alcohols: Contain the -OH functional group.
    • Ethanol Production: Fermentation (glucose → ethanol + CO₂) or ethene hydration.
    • Carboxylic Acids: Contain the -COOH functional group. React with metals and carbonates to form salts.
    • Esters: Formed by combining carboxylic acids and alcohols. Used in fragrances and food flavorings.

    Polymers

    • Addition Polymerisation: Alkenes form long chains (polymers) by linking together. (e.g., poly(ethene), poly(propene).
    • Condensation Polymerisation: Two different monomers combine, creating a polymer and a small molecule (like water) (e.g., polyesters, polyamides like nylon).
    • Natural Polymers: DNA, proteins, and carbohydrates (starch, cellulose).

    Chemical Analysis

    • Pure Substance: Single element or compound;
    • Formulations: Mixtures for a specific function (e.g., paint, medicine).
    • Chromatography: Separates substances via solubility differences.
    • Rf Value: Ratio of distance travelled by substance/distance travelled by solvent.
    • Tests for Gases:
      • Hydrogen: Lit splint → Squeaky Pop.
      • Oxygen: Relights glowing splint.
      • Carbon dioxide: Turns limewater cloudy.
      • Chlorine: Bleaches damp litmus paper.

    The Earth's Atmosphere

    • Evolution of Atmosphere: Earliest atmosphere was largely CO₂, with little oxygen. Photosynthesis increased oxygen, decreasing CO₂. Carbon is stored in fossil fuels and rocks.
    • Greenhouse Gases: CO₂, CH₄ (methane), and H₂O trap heat, causing global warming.
    • Climate Change Effects: Melting ice caps, rising sea levels, extreme weather.
    • Climate Change Mitigation: Renewable energy, carbon capture, reduced fossil fuel use are response strategies.

    The Earth's Resources & Sustainability

    • Finite Resources: Limited supply (e.g., fossil fuels, metals).
    • Renewable Resources: Naturally replenished (e.g., solar energy, fresh water).
    • Life Cycle Assessment (LCA): Evaluating environmental impact through stages: extraction, manufacturing, use/transport, and disposal.
    • Sustainability Principles: Reduce, reuse, recycle, minimizing environmental damage.
    • Water Treatment: Processes for making potable water safe to drink (filtration, sterilization).
    • Desalination: Removes salt from seawater (distillation or reverse osmosis).

    Making Ammonia & Fertilisers (Haber Process)

    • Haber Process: Creating ammonia (N₂ + 3H₂ ⇌ 2NH₃).
    • Conditions: 450°C, 200 atm pressure, iron catalyst; a balance between reaction speed and yield.
    • Ammonia Use: Primary component of fertilizers (ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate).
    • Fertiliser Effects: Increased crop yield but potential environmental impact. (eutrophication is a consequence).

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    Description

    Explore the intricacies of reaction rates and the principles of equilibrium in this quiz. Understand the factors that affect reaction speed, the significance of collision theory, and the crucial role of catalysts. Additionally, uncover how dynamic equilibrium functions within reversible reactions and apply Le Chatelier's Principle to predict reaction responses to various changes.

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