Chemistry Chapter on Intermolecular Forces

General Chemistry 1 & 2

• Grade Level: 11
• Subject Title: General Chemistry 1 & 2
• Semester: 1st and 2nd
• Hours per Semester: 80
• Subject Description: Focuses on matter's composition, structure, and properties; quantitative principles, kinetics, and energetics of matter transformations; and foundational organic chemistry concepts.

Quarter 1 - General Chemistry 1

• Content Standard: Matter and its properties: particulate nature of matter, states of matter (macroscopic and microscopic views), physical and chemical properties (extensive and intensive), classifications of matter (pure substances, mixtures - homogeneous and heterogeneous), separation methods.

• Performance Standard: The learners demonstrate an understanding of matter's properties and various forms through multimedia, demonstrations, or models. Modeling of atomic structure, gas behavior, mass relationships in reactions.

• Learning Competencies: Recognizing that substances comprise smaller particles. Describing arrangements, relative spacing, relative motion of particles in different matter phases. Distinguishing physical and chemical properties and providing examples. Distinguishing between extensive and intensive properties, providing examples. Using matter properties to identify substances and separate them. Differentiating between pure substances and mixtures.

• STEM Codes: STEM_GC11MP-Ia-b-1, STEM_GC11MP-Ia-b-2, STEM_GC11MP-Ia-b-3, STEM_GC11MP-Ia-b-4, STEM_GC11MP-Ia-b-5, STEM_GC11MP-Ia-b-6

• Science Equipment: Mortar and Pestle (150 ml capacity), Spatula, porcelain, Watch Glass (Ø 90 mm), Sulfur powder, 100 grams/bottle, etc

Additional Topics (Page 2)

• Measurements: Accuracy vs. precision, significant figures in calculations, density measurement, sources of measurement errors.

• Separation Techniques: Methods for separating mixtures and compounds, simple techniques like distillation, chromatography.

• Matter Properties Comparisons: Differentiating among elements, compounds, and mixtures, identifying homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures.

• STEM Codes: STEM_GC11MP-Ia-b-7, STEM_GC11MP-Ia-b-8, STEM_GC11MP-Ia-b-9, STEM_GC11MP-Ia-b-10 STEM_GC11MP-Ia-b-11, STEM_GC11MT-Ib-13, STEM_GC11MT-Ib-14

Atoms, Molecules, and Ions (Page 3)

• Content Standard: Dalton's atomic theory, basic laws of matter (conservation of mass, constant composition, multiple proportions), atomic structure, subatomic particles (protons, electrons, neutrons), molecules and ions, chemical formulas, naming compounds.

• Performance Standard: Understanding the basic laws of matter leading to Dalton's theory, differentiating among atomic number, mass number, isotopes, and writing isotopic symbols.

• Learning Competencies: Basic laws of matter (constant composition, Law of Conservation of mass and Law of multiple proportions) and Dalton's atomic theory. Differentiating among atomic number, mass number and isotopes, writing symbols for isotopes, common isotopes identification. Differentiating among atoms, molecules, and ions

• STEM Codes: STEM_GC11AM-Ic-e-15, STEM_GC11AM-Ic-e-16, STEM_GC11AM-Ic-e-17, STEM_GC11AM-Ic-e-18, STEM_GC11AM-Ic-e-19, STEM_GC11AM-Ic-e-20

Stoichiometry (Page 4)

• Content Standard: Atomic mass, Avogadro's number, the mole concept.

• Learning Competencies: Relating atomic mass, average atomic mass. Defining a mole and illustrating Avogadro's number. Determining molar mass of elements and compounds. Calculating mass given moles (or vice versa), and particles given moles (or vice versa).

• STEM Codes: STEM_GC11S-Ie-25, STEM_GC11S-Ie-26, STEM_GC11S-Ie-27, STEM_GC11S-Ie-28, STEM_GC11S-Ie-29, STEM_GC11S-Ie-30

Stoichiometry (Pages 4&5)

• Learning Competencies: Representing compounds with chemical formulas (structural formulas and models), differentiating between empirical and molecular formulas. Naming and writing chemical formulas for ionic compounds.

• STEM Codes: STEM_GC11AM-Ic-e-21, STEM_GC11AM-Ic-e-22, STEM_GC11AM-Ic-e-23, STEM_GC11AM-Ic-e-24

Chemical Reactions and Equations (Page 5)

• Learning Competencies: Describing and balancing chemical reactions using formulas. Interpreting balanced chemical reactions in terms of mass conservation. Identifying evidence of chemical reactions.
• STEM Codes: STEM_GC11CR-If-g-34, STEM_GC11CR-If-g-35, STEM_GC11CR-If-g-36 STEM_GC11PC-If-31, STEM_GC11PC-If-32, STEM_GC11PC-If-33

Additional Information (Page 6)

• Science Equipment: Details on various lab equipment for chemical experiments.

Matter and Chemical Reactions (Pages 7-8)

• Content Standard: Quantitative relationship of reactants and products, gas laws (Units of pressure, Boyle's Law, Charles Law, Avogadro's law, Ideal gas equation), gas stoichiometry, kinetic molecular theory of gases, mass relationships in chemical reactions

• Learning Competencies: Calculating reactant/product amounts in terms of moles or mass. Calculating percent yield and theoretical yield. Applying limiting reagent concepts. Relating gas laws to kinetic molecular theory, gas effusion, molar mass.

• STEM Codes: STEM_GC11CR-If-g-37, STEM_GC11MR-Ig-h-38, STEM_GC11MR-Ig-h-39, STEM_GC11MR-Ig-h-40, STEM_GC11MR-Ig-h-41, STEM_GC11MR-Ig-h-42, STEM_GC11G-Ih-i-43, STEM_GC11G-Ih-i-44 STEM_GC11G-Ih-i-45, STEM_GC11G-Ih-i-46

Electronic Structure and Periodicity (Page 9)

• Content Standard: Electron configurations and the periodic table, periodic variation in atomic properties (Atomic Radius, effective nuclear charge).

• Learning Competencies: Explaining the periodic recurrence of elements in the periodic table. Relating group numbers and valence electrons. Comparing properties of element groups. Predicting properties of individual elements via their periodic table position.

• STEM Codes: STEM_GC11ES-IIa-b-57, STEM_GC11ES-IIa-b-58, STEM_GC11ES-IIa-b-59, STEM_GC11ESP-IIc-d-60, STEM_GC11ESP-IIc-d-61, STEM_GC11ESP-IIc-d-62, STEM_GC11ESP-IIc-d-63, STEM_GC11ESP-IIc-d-64, STEM_GC11ESP-IIc-d-65, STEM_GC11ESP-IIc-d-66

Chemical Bonding and Covalent Bonds (Page 10)

• Content Standard: Ion formation, ionic bonding, ionic compounds formulas and structure, properties of ionic compounds, covalent bonds, formation of molecular compounds, Lewis structures of molecules, molecules of elements and compounds.

• Learning Competencies: Determining ionic charges. Predicting ionic compound formulas and structures. Identifying properties of ionic compounds. Detailing covalent bond formation, writing covalent compound formulas, drawing Lewis molecular structures. Explaining properties of molecular covalent compounds.

• STEM Codes: STEM_GC11CB-IId-g-69, STEM_GC11CB-IId-g-70, STEM_GC11CB-IId-g-71, STEM_GC11CB-IId-g-72,... STEM_GC11CB-IId-g-78

Organic Compounds (Page 11)

• Content Standard: Organic compounds properties and structure, bonding patterns involving carbon, structural isomerism, functional groups, properties of polymers.

• Learning Competencies: Explaining the properties of organic polymers and molecules. Identifying trends in organic molecules. Describing functional groups, their reactions, examples of compounds, isomerism. Describing organic reactions (e.g., combustion).

• STEM Codes: STEM_GC110C-IIg-j-84, STEM_GC110C-IIg-j-85, STEM_GC110C-IIg-j-86, STEM_GC110C-IIg-j-87, STEM_GC110C-IIg-j-88, STEM_GC110C-IIg-j-89, STEM_GC110C-IIg-j-90

Third Quarter - General Chemistry 2 (Pages 12-13)

• Content Standard: Intermolecular forces, liquids, solids, phase changes.

• Learning Competencies: Predicting intermolecular forces in molecules. Describing properties of liquids (surface tension, viscosity, vapor pressure, boiling point, molar heat of vaporization), phases, and phase diagrams. Describing and differentiating between crystalline and amorphous solids, different crystal types (ionic, covalent, molecular, metallic)

• STEM Codes: STEM_GC11IMF-IIIa-c-101, STEM_GC11IMF-IIIa-c-102, STEM_GC11IMF-IIIa-c-103

Physical Properties of Solutions (Page 14)

• Content Standard: Types of solutions, energy of solution, concentration units, solubility, solution stoichiometry

• Learning Competencies: Describing different types of solutions, concentration units (percent by mass, mole fraction, molarity, molality, ppm) calculations, effect of temperature on solubility, various colligative properties, calculations, boiling point elevation, and freezing point depression.

• STEM Codes: STEM_GC11PP-IIId-f-110, STEM_GC11PP-IIId-f-111, STEM_GC11PP-IIId-f-112, STEM_GC11PP-IIId-f-113, STEM_GC11PP-IIId-f-114

Thermochemistry (Page 15)

• Content Standard: Energy changes in chemical reactions, thermochemical equations, calorimetry, standard enthalpy of formation, Hess' Law.

• Learning Competencies: Explaining enthalpy, thermochemical equations, calculating enthalpy changes. Describing and classifying exothermic and endothermic processes.

• STEM Codes: STEM_GC11TC-IIIg-i-122, STEM_GC11TC-IIIg-i-123, STEM_GC11TC-IIIg-i-124,... STEM_GC11TC-IIIg-i-129

Chemical Kinetics (Page 16)

• Content Standard: Reaction rates, factors influencing rates, rate law, collision theory, catalysis.

• Learning Competencies: Describing reaction rates, identifying factors affecting reaction rates, differentiating reaction orders, writing and applying rate laws, explaining collision theory, describing catalysis effects.

• STEM Codes: STEM_GC11CK-IIIi-j-130, STEM_GC11CK-IIIi-j-131, STEM_GC11CK-IIIi-j-132, STEM_GC11CK-IIIi-j-133, STEM_GC11CK-IIIi-j-134, STEM_GC11CK-IIIi-j-135

Chemical Thermodynamics (Pages 17-21)

• Content Standard: Spontaneous processes, Entropy, The Second Law of Thermodynamics, Gibbs Free Energy, Chemical Equilibrium

• Learning Competencies: Predicting spontaneity using entropy, determining entropy changes in processes, explaining the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Calculating Gibbs free energy, determining reaction direction regarding Gibbs free energy, reversible reactions.

• STEM Codes: STEM_GC11CT-IVa-b-140, STEM_GC11CT-IVa-b-141, STEM_GC11CT-IVa-b-142, STEM_GC11CT-IVa-b-143, STEM_GC11CE-IVb-e-144

Acid-Base Equilibria (Pages 18-19)

• Content Standard: Acid-base properties, definitions of acids and bases, acidity measures (pH), strength of acids and bases, ionization constants, common ion effect, buffers, solubility equilibria.

• Learning Competencies: Defining Brønsted acids and bases, relating solutions' pH to acidity/basicity, defining pH, identifying weak vs. strong acids/bases, explaining common ion effect, relating ionization constants to conjugate pairs, performing calculations related to buffer solutions and equilibrium, describing effects of changes (temperature, pressure, concentration).

• STEM Codes: STEM_GC11AB-IVf-g-155, STEM_GC11AB-IVf-g-156,... STEM_GC11AB-IVf-g-167

Electrochemistry (Page 20)

• Content Standard: Redox reactions in galvanic and electrolytic cells, standard reduction potentials, spontaneity of redox reactions, batteries, corrosion, electrolysis.

• Learning Competencies: Defining oxidation and reduction reactions, balancing redox reactions, describing galvanic cell structures, identifying electrode reactions, writing overall cell reactions, defining potentials (reduction, oxidation, cell), explaining common battery types (e.g., dry cells, lead-acid batteries), relating electrochemical principles to corrosion processes, describing electrolysis, evidence-based electrolysis reactions in processes

• STEM Codes: STEM_GC11AB-IVf-g-168,..., STEM_GC11AB-IVf-g-177

Test your understanding of intermolecular forces and the stability of noble gases in this chemistry quiz. Explore concepts like the octet rule, ionic bonding, and the properties of liquids. Challenge yourself with these fundamental chemistry questions!