Chemistry Chapter on Covalent Bonds and Fuels

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Questions and Answers

What type of bond is formed when two hydrogen atoms share their electrons?

Triple covalent bond

Metallic bond

Ionic bond

Single covalent bond (correct)

What is the atomic number of chlorine and what does it indicate about its electron configuration?

17, it has 3 electrons in its outer shell

17, it has 7 valence electrons (correct)

17, it has a complete octet

17, it has 1 electron in its K shell

How many electrons are shared to form a double bond between two oxygen atoms?

Three

Four

Two (correct)

One

Which molecule is formed when two hydrogen atoms bond together?

H2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the electronic configuration of hydrogen after forming a molecule?

Two electrons in K shell Signup and view all the answers

What is responsible for the yellow color of a candle flame?

Incomplete combustion producing soot Signup and view all the answers

Why do some substances burn without producing a flame?

They contain no volatile substances Signup and view all the answers

What do the oxides of sulfur and nitrogen released during combustion primarily contribute to?

Air pollution Signup and view all the answers

What causes the luminous flame observed when gaseous substances burn?

Heat causing the atoms to glow Signup and view all the answers

How is coal formed from ancient plant material?

Due to pressure and heat over millions of years Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason alcohol (ethanol) is used as an additive in petrol?

It is a cleaner fuel, producing only carbon dioxide and water. Signup and view all the answers

Which property distinguishes ethanoic acid from stronger acids like hydrochloric acid?

Ethanoic acid is classified as a weak acid. Signup and view all the answers

What is the common use of a 5-8% solution of acetic acid?

As vinegar for food preservation. Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic property of carboxylic acids is mentioned in the content?

They are weak acids and exhibit acidic nature. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the freezing point of pure ethanoic acid have in cold climates?

It often freezes, leading to the term 'glacial acetic acid'. Signup and view all the answers

What is produced when ethanoic acid reacts with sodium hydroxide?

Sodium ethanoate and water Signup and view all the answers

Which gas is produced when ethanoic acid reacts with sodium carbonate?

Carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

What is the balanced equation for the reaction of ethanoic acid with sodium bicarbonate?

CH3COOH + NaHCO3 → CH3COONa + H2O + CO2 Signup and view all the answers

Which salt is formed when ethanoic acid reacts with sodium carbonate?

Sodium acetate Signup and view all the answers

What is the main product of the reaction between ethanoic acid and sodium bicarbonate, besides water?

Sodium ethanoate Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the hydrophobic tail of soap molecules in water?

It interacts with hydrocarbons and avoids water. Signup and view all the answers

What structural arrangement defines a micelle?

Hydrophobic tails are in the interior with ionic ends on the surface. Signup and view all the answers

Why do micelles remain in solution as a colloid?

Ion-ion repulsion prevents them from aggregating. Signup and view all the answers

What property of soap micelles allows them to effectively cleanse oily dirt?

Their structure allows dirt to be trapped in the center. Signup and view all the answers

What visual characteristic indicates the presence of soap micelles in a solution?

The solution exhibits a cloudy appearance. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Covalent Bonds and Molecular Formation

Hydrogen has one electron in its K shell and needs one more to achieve a stable configuration like helium.
Two hydrogen atoms share their electrons to form a hydrogen molecule (H2).
The shared pair of electrons forms a single covalent bond.
Chlorine, with atomic number 17, has seven electrons in its outermost shell and forms Cl2 with a single covalent bond.
Oxygen, with atomic number 8, has six electrons in its L shell and forms O2 with a double covalent bond.

Fuel Combustion and Environmental Impact

Fuels like coal and petroleum contain impurities like nitrogen and sulfur.
Burning these fuels produces oxides of sulfur and nitrogen, major environmental pollutants.
Flames are produced when gaseous substances burn.
The color of a flame is characteristic of the element emitting light.

Coal and Petroleum Formation

Coal and petroleum are derived from biomass over millions of years.
Plants were buried under layers of earth and rock, subjected to heat and pressure, transforming into coal.

Ethanoic Acid

Common name: acetic acid.
5-8% solution of acetic acid in water is called vinegar.
Ethanoic acid is a weak acid, unlike strong mineral acids like HCl.
Ethanoic acid reacts with bases, carbonates, and hydrogen carbonates, producing salts, water, and often carbon dioxide.

Soaps and Micelles

Soap molecules have hydrophilic (water-loving) and hydrophobic (water-repelling) ends.
In water, soaps form micelles: spherical clusters where hydrophobic tails face the interior and hydrophilic heads face the exterior.
Micelles trap dirt and oil in their center, allowing cleaning.
The cloudy appearance of soap solutions is due to light scattering by micelles.

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Description

This quiz covers essential concepts of covalent bonding, including the formation of molecules like H2, Cl2, and O2. It also explores the impact of fuel combustion on the environment and the formation of coal and petroleum. Test your knowledge on these fundamental chemistry topics and their implications.