Covalent Bonds in CHNOPS Elements

Carbon forms four covalent bonds because it has 4 electrons in its outer shell, and requires 8 to make itself stable and complete its octet.

Hydrogen forms only one covalent bond because it only has one electron in its outer shell, and requires only one other electron to fill its shell and become stable.

<p>Nitrogen forms 3 covalent bonds because it has 5 valence electrons which, when shared with three other electrons, fills its octet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxygen forms 2 covalent bonds because it already has 6 valence electrons and needs only 2 more to fill its octet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phosphorus forms 5 covalent bonds because it has 15 electrons, five of which are lone pair valence electrons that must be shared to form a stable octet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sulfur forms 2 covalent bonds because it has 6 valence electrons and needs only 2 more to fill its octet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Think of it as a charged hydrogen atom (H+) because when hydrogen loses an electron, it has zero electrons and a positive charge, which makes it a proton.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Double bonds restrict rotation, which affects the shape of the overall molecule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aldehyde is a functional group containing a C=O bond with a hydrogen and an alkyl group on the carbon, while a ketone has a C=O bond with two alkyl substituents and no hydrogen substituents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 'yl' ending indicates that there is a 'phosphate group' hanging off of an alkyl/R group, making it a phosphoryl. If it existed as its own entity/molecule, it would be considered phosphate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Isomers are molecules that have the same atoms and number of atoms but with a different configuration, resulting in a change in shape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The spatial arrangement of the atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>You must break the covalent bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Confirmation involves breaking noncovalent bonds to change shape, while configuration requires breaking covalent bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A chiral center is a carbon atom that is bonded to four different substituents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enzymes only recognize one shape for binding, so if the molecule is not the correct shape, it cannot bind with the enzyme.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The R-Carvone tastes like spearmint while the S-Carvone tastes like caraway, as different shapes bind to different taste receptors on your tongue.</p> Signup and view all the answers