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Chemistry Chapter: Atomic Structure and Bonds
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Chemistry Chapter: Atomic Structure and Bonds

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@ProfuseAcropolis

Questions and Answers

What determines an element's mass number?

  • The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus (correct)
  • The number of neutrons alone
  • The total number of electrons and protons combined
  • The number of protons alone

    • What are isotopes?

  • Elements that emit radiation
  • Atoms with different numbers of protons
  • Atoms with only neutrons
  • Atoms of the same element with different mass numbers (correct)

    • What type of bond is represented by two electron pairs being shared?

  • Polar bond
  • Double bond (correct)
  • Triple bond
  • Single bond

    • Which molecule is an example of a nonpolar covalent bond?

    <p>Oxygen (O2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a mole in chemistry?

    <p>A quantity of particles equal to its atomic weight in grams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many electrons can the first energy level hold?

    <p>2 electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the water molecule's structure lead to its polarity?

    <p>It has an asymmetrical shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to an atom when it gains or loses electrons?

    <p>It becomes an ion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of hydrogen bonds in larger molecules?

    <p>They influence the shape of molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the substances that enter a chemical reaction called?

    <p>Reactants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the chemical properties of an atom?

    <p>The number of electrons in the outermost energy level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to energy during a chemical reaction?

    <p>It changes form and some is lost as heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a half-life in the context of radioisotopes?

    <p>The time it takes for half of a sample to emit radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of hydrogen bonds between water molecules?

    <p>Increased boiling point of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What charge does an atom have when it has an equal number of protons and electrons?

    <p>Neutral charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes all reactions that occur in an organism's cells and tissues?

    <p>Metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to atoms with unfilled outer levels?

    <p>They react with other elements to become more stable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bond is formed when electrons are shared between atoms?

    <p>Covalent bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What charge does an atom that loses electrons become?

    <p>A cation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an ionic compound?

    <p>Table salt (NaCl)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which correctly describes an anion?

    <p>It has gained electrons and has a net negative charge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bond involves a stronger interaction between atoms?

    <p>Ionic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a compound?

    <p>Two or more elements joined together by any chemical bond.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of electrolytes?

    <p>They consist of ions in solution that can conduct electricity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about salts is true?

    <p>Salts disassociate into cations and anions in solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do buffers play in a solution?

    <p>They stabilize the pH by interacting with strong acids or bases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a major class of organic compounds?

    <p>Salts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which functional group is characteristic of amino acids?

    <p>Amino (-NH2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the carbon/hydrogen/oxygen ratio found in carbohydrates?

    <p>1:2:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of carbohydrate consists of two simple sugars?

    <p>Disaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of lipids?

    <p>They mainly consist of carbon and hydrogen and are hydrophobic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a polysaccharide?

    <p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of saturated fatty acids?

    <p>Have no covalent bonds in the carbon chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of lipid is characterized by having a glycerol molecule attached to three fatty acids?

    <p>Triglyceride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of eicosanoid is known for its role in local hormonal functions?

    <p>Prostaglandins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a component of steroids?

    <p>Four carbon rings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the structure of phospholipids and glycolipids?

    <p>They have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following proteins are known as metabolic regulators?

    <p>Corticosteroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of proteins in the human body?

    <p>Facilitate all body functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component is NOT found within triglycerides?

    <p>Four carbon rings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Atomic Structure and Isotopes

    • Electrons orbit the nucleus in an electron cloud, contributing to the atom's negative charge.
    • Mass number is the sum of protons and neutrons; neutrons are mass-heavy but electrically neutral.
    • Isotopes have the same number of protons but differing neutrons, leading to different mass numbers.
    • Radioisotopes emit radiation and decay at a characteristic rate called half-life.
    • Atomic weight is crucial for chemical reactions, and is used to measure chemicals.

    Chemical Properties and Ions

    • Atoms are neutral if they have equal protons and electrons; an imbalance creates ions (charged atoms).
    • Energy levels, analogous to shells, dictate the number of electrons surrounding the atom: Level 1 holds 2, Levels 2 and 3 hold 8 each.
    • Atoms with unfilled outer energy levels are reactive; filled outer levels are inert.

    Chemical Bonds

    • Chemical bonds are formed to stabilize reactive atoms by gaining, losing, or sharing electrons.
    • Types of chemical bonds:
      • Ionic Bonds: Formed between oppositely charged ions (cations and anions), enabling the conduction of electricity in solution (electrolytes).
      • Covalent Bonds: Atoms share electrons, creating molecules; single bonds share one pair while double bonds share two pairs.
      • Hydrogen Bonds: Weak attractions between polar molecules; significant in the structure of proteins and DNA, and contribute to water's unique properties.

    Chemical Reactions and Energy

    • Chemical reactions involve reactants transforming into products, contributing to metabolism.
    • Chemical energy in bonds is potential; energy conversion results in some loss as heat.
    • Salts dissociate into ions in solution but have negligible effects on pH.

    Buffers and pH Control

    • Buffers stabilize pH by removing or replacing H+ ions, essential for maintaining physiological conditions.

    Organic Compounds

    • Comprised mostly of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; classes include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, with functional groups enhancing molecular interactions.

    Carbohydrates

    • Organic molecules with a ratio of 1:2:1 for carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; categorized into:
      • Monosaccharides: Single sugars (e.g., glucose).
      • Disaccharides: Two sugars linked; require hydrolysis for use (e.g., sucrose).
      • Polysaccharides: Long chains of sugars; examples include cellulose (indigestible), starch (digestible), and glycogen (animal glucose storage).

    Lipids

    • Hydrophobic molecules primarily made of carbon and hydrogen; five main classes:
      • Fatty Acids: Differentiated by saturation levels (saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated).
      • Eicosanoids: Derived from arachidonic acid; involved in inflammation and hormonal signaling.
      • Glycerides: Comprises monoglycerides, diglycerides, and triglycerides; provide energy, insulation, and protection.
      • Steroids: Composed of four carbon rings; includes cholesterol and sex hormones.
      • Phospholipids and Glycolipids: Form cell membrane structures, possessing both hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.

    Proteins

    • Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; crucial for all bodily functions and serve as cell factories for protein synthesis.

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    Description

    This quiz covers key concepts related to atomic structure, including isotopes, chemical properties, and the formation of chemical bonds. Assess your understanding of electron arrangements, ions, and the role of atomic weight in chemical reactions. Perfect for students studying foundational chemistry concepts.

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