Chemistry Chapter 9 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What type of bond is formed by the transfer of electrons?

Covalent
Polar Covalent
Ionic (correct)
Metallic

What type of bond involves the sharing of electrons between two nonmetals?

Polar Covalent
Metallic
Ionic
Covalent (correct)

What is the value indicating an Ionic bond?

1.7 and above

What is the value indicating a Pure/non-polar covalent bond?

0 Signup and view all the answers

What is the value indicating a Polar covalent bond?

1.7 and below Signup and view all the answers

What does the Lewis Dot Structure represent?

Bonding of valence electrons as dots Signup and view all the answers

What do Structural Diagrams represent?

Bonding of valence electrons by lines Signup and view all the answers

What is the molecular geometry for 2 electron groups?

Linear Signup and view all the answers

What is the molecular geometry for 3 electron groups?

Trigonal-planar Signup and view all the answers

What is the molecular geometry for 4 electron groups?

Tetrahedral Signup and view all the answers

What is the molecular geometry for 5 electron groups?

Trigonal-bipyramidal Signup and view all the answers

What is the molecular geometry for 6 electron groups?

Octahedral Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of an Ionic bond?

A type of chemical bond where two atoms or molecules are connected by electrostatic attraction. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a Covalent bond?

A type of chemical bond where two atoms share two or more electrons. Signup and view all the answers

What does 'mono-' stand for?

One Signup and view all the answers

What does 'di-' stand for?

Two Signup and view all the answers

What does 'tri-' stand for?

Three Signup and view all the answers

What does 'tetra-' stand for?

Four Signup and view all the answers

What does 'penta-' stand for?

Five Signup and view all the answers

What does 'hexa-' stand for?

Six Signup and view all the answers

What does 'hepta-' stand for?

Seven Signup and view all the answers

What does 'octa-' stand for?

Eight Signup and view all the answers

What does 'nona-' stand for?

Nine Signup and view all the answers

What does 'deca-' stand for?

Ten Signup and view all the answers

What is a Binary Acid?

Hydrogen + halogen except HCN and H2S, with prefix 'hydro' and suffix 'ic'. Signup and view all the answers

What are Oxyacids?

Polyatomic oxyanion with H+ in front, does not begin with 'hydro'. Signup and view all the answers

What does Hund's Rule state?

Every orbital in a subshell is singly occupied before any is doubly occupied. Signup and view all the answers

What does Endothermic mean?

Takes in heat Signup and view all the answers

What does Exothermic mean?

Releases heat Signup and view all the answers

Name the 7 Diatomic Elements.

H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, I2, Br2 Signup and view all the answers

What is Electronegativity?

Tendency to pull electrons out of bond Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical formula for Hydrobromic acid?

HBr Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical formula for Hydrofluoric acid?

HF Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical formula for Hydrogen sulfide?

H2S Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical formula for Nitric acid?

HNO3 Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical formula for Chloric acid?

HClO3 Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical formula for Sulfuric acid?

H2SO4 Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical formula for Nitrous acid?

HNO2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical formula for Chlorous acid?

HClO2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical formula for Sulfurous acid?

H2SO3 Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical formula for Nitrogen dioxide?

NO2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical formula for Phosphorous trifluoride?

PF3 Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical formula for Carbon tetrafluoride?

CCl4 Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical formula for Diarsenic pentasulfide?

As2S5 Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical formula for Dinitrogen monoxide?

N2O Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical formula for Iodine pentabromide?

IBr5 Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical formula for Silicon disulfide?

SiS2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical formula for Xenon tetraoxide?

XeO4 Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical formula for Sulfur hexafluoride?

SF6 Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical formula for Tetraphosphorous hecaoxide?

P4O6 Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical formula for Boron trifluoride?

BF3 Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical formula for Sulfur trioxide?

SO3 Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Types of Bonds

Three main types include covalent/polar covalent, ionic, and metallic (characterized by a sea of delocalized electrons).
Ionic bonds occur between atoms with an electronegativity difference of 1.7 and above.
Polar covalent bonds form when the electronegativity difference is between 0 and 1.7.
Pure covalent bonds happen when the electronegativity difference is 0.

Bond Representation

Lewis Dot Structures depict bonding using dots representing valence electrons.
Structural Diagrams represent bonding with lines to indicate connections between atoms.

Molecular Geometry

Linear geometry is observed with two bonding pairs.
Trigonal-planar geometry is found with three bonding pairs.
Tetrahedral geometry results from four bonding pairs.
Trigonal-bipyramidal geometry is characteristic of five bonding pairs.
Octahedral geometry occurs with six bonding pairs.

Types of Chemical Bonds

Ionic bonds connect atoms through electrostatic attraction, generally between metals and nonmetals.
Covalent bonds are formed when two nonmetals share two or more electrons.

Prefixes for Molecular Compounds

Prefixes denote the number of atoms in compounds: mono- (one), di- (two), tri- (three), tetra- (four), penta- (five), hexa- (six), hepta- (seven), octa- (eight), nona- (nine), deca- (ten).

Acids

Binary Acids consist of hydrogen and a halogen, excluding HCN and H2S, named with the prefix "hydro" and the suffix "ic".
Oxyacids are formed from polyatomic oxyanions and labeled without "hydro"; their naming depends on the anion (ate ions produce ic acids, ite ions produce ous acids).

Thermodynamic Processes

Endothermic processes absorb heat from the surroundings.
Exothermic processes release heat into the environment.

Diatomic Elements

The seven diatomic elements are Hydrogen (H2), Nitrogen (N2), Oxygen (O2), Fluorine (F2), Chlorine (Cl2), Iodine (I2), and Bromine (Br2).

Electronegativity

Electronegativity describes an atom's ability to attract and hold onto electrons in a bond.

Common Acids and Compounds

HBr: Hydrobromic acid
HF: Hydrofluoric acid
H2S: Hydrogen sulfide
HNO3: Nitric acid
HClO3: Chloric acid
H2SO4: Sulfuric acid
HNO2: Nitrous acid
HClO2: Chlorous acid
H2SO3: Sulfurous acid

Chemical Formulas

NO2: Nitrogen dioxide
PF3: Phosphorous trifluoride
CCl4: Carbon tetrafluoride
As2S5: Diarsenic pentasulfide
N2O: Dinitrogen monoxide
IBr5: Iodine pentabromide
SiS2: Silicon disulfide
XeO4: Xenon tetraoxide
SF6: Sulfur hexafluoride
P4O6: Tetraphosphorous hexaoxide
BF3: Boron trifluoride
SO3: Sulfur trioxide

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