Chemistry Chapter 8 Test Flashcards
55 Questions
100 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is a covalent bond?

  • A chemical bond that results from the sharing of valence electrons (correct)
  • A bond between a metal and a nonmetal
  • A bond that does not involve electrons
  • A bond formed by the transfer of electrons

    • What forms when two or more atoms covalently bond?

    Molecule

    What is a formula unit?

    The simplest ratio of ions represented in an ionic compound.

    What does a Lewis structure represent?

    <p>A model that uses electron-dot structures to show how electrons are arranged in molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sigma bond?

    <p>A single covalent bond formed when an electron pair is shared by the direct overlap of bonding orbitals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a pi bond?

    <p>A bond formed when parallel orbitals overlap to share electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an exothermic reaction?

    <p>A chemical reaction in which more energy is released than is required to break bonds in the initial reactants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an endothermic reaction?

    <p>A chemical reaction in which a greater amount of energy is required to break the existing bonds than is released when new bonds form.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an oxyacid?

    <p>Any acid that contains hydrogen and an oxyanion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a structural formula?

    <p>A molecular model that shows relative positions of atoms using symbols and bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is resonance?

    <p>A condition that occurs when more than one valid Lewis structure exists for the same molecule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a coordinate covalent bond?

    <p>Forms when one atom donates a pair of electrons to share with another atom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the VSEPR model?

    <p>Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion model.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hybridization?

    <p>A process in which atomic orbitals are mixed to form new, identical hybrid orbitals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a polar covalent bond?

    <p>A type of bond that forms when electrons are not shared equally.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are diatomic molecules?

    <p>Molecules composed only of two atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are multiple bonds?

    <p>Form when atoms need to share more than one pair of electrons to achieve noble gas configuration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are single bonds?

    <p>When two atoms share one pair of electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines bond strength?

    <p>Bond strength is determined by bond length.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Forming bonds _______ energy, breaking bonds _______ energy.

    <p>requires, releases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is bond dissociation energy?

    <p>The amount of energy necessary to break a bond.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What elements are diatomic when alone?

    <p>Br I N Cl H O F</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is nomenclature in chemistry?

    <p>The rules applied for naming compounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the bond angle for a linear shaped molecule?

    <p>180 degrees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the bond angle for a bent or angular shaped molecule?

    <p>104.5 degrees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the bond angle for a trigonal planar shaped molecule?

    <p>120 degrees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the bond angle for a trigonal pyramid shaped molecule?

    <p>107.3 degrees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the bond angle for a tetrahedral shaped molecule?

    <p>109.5 degrees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a bond is non-polar covalent, its electronegativity is _____.

    <p>0 - 0.4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a bond is polar covalent, its electronegativity is _____.

    <p>0.5 - 1.6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a bond is ionic, its electronegativity is _____.

    <p>Greater than or equal to 1.7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an exception to the octet rule?

    <p>Odd number of valence electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sub-octet?

    <p>Less than eight electrons but the central atom is still satisfied.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an expanded octet?

    <p>More than eight electrons but the central atom is still satisfied.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many sigma and/or pi bonds does a single bond have?

    <p>1 Sigma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many sigma and/or pi bonds does a double bond have?

    <p>1 Sigma, 1 Pi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many sigma and/or pi bonds does a triple bond have?

    <p>1 Sigma, 2 Pi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the prefix 'Mono-' signify?

    <p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the prefix 'Di-' signify?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the prefix 'Tri-' signify?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the prefix 'Tetra-' signify?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the prefix 'Penta-' signify?

    <p>5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the prefix 'Hexa-' signify?

    <p>6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the prefix 'Hepta-' signify?

    <p>7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the prefix 'Octa-' signify?

    <p>8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the prefix 'Nona-' signify?

    <p>9</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the prefix 'Deca-' signify?

    <p>10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a binary acid?

    <p>The first word has the prefix hydro- and the rest of the first word consists of a form of the root of the second element plus the suffix -ic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ending do you use for a binary acid?

    <p>-ic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the suffix change for an oxyacid that ends with -ate?

    <p>-ic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ending do you use for a binary acid that ends with -ite?

    <p>-ous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is electronegativity?

    <p>The relative tendency of an atom to attract shared pairs of electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    With hybridization, when a s^2 becomes _____.

    <p>sp</p> Signup and view all the answers

    With hybridization, when a s^2p^1 becomes _____.

    <p>sp^2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    With hybridization, when a s^2p^2 becomes _____.

    <p>sp^3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Covalent Bonds and Molecules

    • Covalent Bond: Formed by sharing valence electrons; typically between nonmetals.
    • Molecule: Group of two or more atoms bonded covalently; lower potential energy than individual atoms.
    • Multiple Bonds: Atoms share more than one pair of electrons for noble gas configuration.
    • Single Bonds: involve sharing one pair of electrons (sigma bond).
    • Bond Strength: Related to bond length; shorter bonds are generally stronger (e.g., double and triple bonds).

    Ionic Compounds and Their Representation

    • Formula Unit: Represents the simplest ratio of ions in an ionic compound.
    • Nomenclature: Uses prefixes for compounds formed from nonmetals, diverging from ionic compound rules.

    Structural Representations

    • Lewis Structure: Visual representation of electron arrangements in molecules using dots and lines.
    • Structural Formula: Depicts relative atom positions using symbols and bonds; derived from Lewis structures.

    Types of Bonds

    • Sigma Bond: First bond formed between atoms through direct orbital overlap.
    • Pi Bond: Formed by parallel orbital overlap when electrons are shared.
    • Coordinate Covalent Bond: Created when one atom donates a pair of electrons for bonding.

    Energetics of Reactions

    • Exothermic Reaction: More energy released than needed for bond-breaking; heat released.
    • Endothermic Reaction: More energy required to break bonds than what is released during bond formation; heat absorbed.

    Electron Pair Arrangement and Bond Angles

    • VSEPR Model: Predicts molecular shape based on minimizing electron pair repulsion.
    • Bond Angles:
      • Linear: 180 degrees
      • Bent: 104.5 degrees
      • Trigonal Planar: 120 degrees
      • Trigonal Pyramid: 107.3 degrees
      • Tetrahedral: 109.5 degrees

    Electronegativity and Bond Polarity

    • Electronegativity Scale:
      • Non-polar Covalent (0 - 0.4)
      • Polar Covalent (0.5 - 1.6)
      • Ionic (≥1.7)
    • Polar Covalent Bond: Electrons are not shared equally between atoms.

    Exceptions to the Octet Rule

    • Odd Number of Valence Electrons: Causes difficulty in achieving a stable state.
    • Sub-Octet: Central atom has fewer than eight electrons but is satisfied.
    • Expanded Octet: Central atom has more than eight electrons but maintains stability.

    Hybridization

    • Hybridization Processes: Mixing of atomic orbitals to form hybrid orbitals.
    • Types:
      • sp: From s²
      • sp²: From s²p¹
      • sp³: From s²p²

    Additional Key Terms and Concepts

    • Bond Dissociation Energy: Energy needed to break a bond; higher for stronger bonds.
    • Diatomic Molecules: Consist of two atoms; can be the same or different elements (Br, I, N, Cl, H, O, F).
    • Binary Acids: Named with the prefix hydro- and using -ic suffix for -ate and -ous for -ite in oxyacids.

    Common Prefixes for Molecular Compounds

    • Mono-: 1
    • Di-: 2
    • Tri-: 3
    • Tetra-: 4
    • Penta-: 5
    • Hexa-: 6
    • Hepta-: 7
    • Octa-: 8
    • Nona-: 9
    • Deca-: 10

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    Prepare for your Chemistry Chapter 8 test with these flashcards. They cover key concepts, including covalent bonds, molecules, and formula units. Perfect for quick revisions and mastering essential terms in chemistry.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser