Chemistry Chapter 8 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is a double covalent bond?

A covalent bond where only one pair of electrons are shared

A covalent bond where two pairs of electrons are shared (correct)

A covalent bond where three pairs of electrons are shared

A bond formed between ions

What are dipole interactions?

Forces between non-polar molecules

Forces between polar molecules (correct)

Covalent forces holding atoms together

Forces that occur between ions

What is the octet rule?

Atoms have a tendency to bond in such a way as to obtain a noble gas configuration, usually having eight valence electrons.

What is a polar bond?

A covalent bond between two atoms of significantly different electronegativities (greater than 0.4). Signup and view all the answers

What is a hydrogen bond?

A type of bond that forms from the attraction of a hydrogen atom in a polar bond to the unshared pair of electrons in another molecule. Signup and view all the answers

What is a single covalent bond?

A covalent bond in which only one pair of electrons is shared. Signup and view all the answers

How do atoms achieve noble-gas electron configurations in single covalent bonds?

Two atoms share two electrons. Signup and view all the answers

Why do atoms share electrons in covalent bonds?

To attain a stable noble-gas electron configuration. Signup and view all the answers

Which element can form diatomic molecules held together by triple covalent bonds?

Nitrogen. Signup and view all the answers

Which noble gas has the same electron configuration as the oxygen in a water molecule?

Neon. Signup and view all the answers

Which elements can form diatomic molecules joined by a single covalent bond?

Hydrogen and the halogens only. Signup and view all the answers

What is the representative unit in a molecular compound?

A molecule. Signup and view all the answers

Which diatomic molecule is joined by a double covalent bond?

O2. Signup and view all the answers

What does the chemical formula of an ionic compound show?

The lowest whole-number ratio between ions in the ionic compound. Signup and view all the answers

How many valid electron dot formulas can be written when a resonance structure occurs?

2 or more. Signup and view all the answers

Which atom acquires the most negative charge in a covalent bond with hydrogen?

O (electronegativity = 3.5). Signup and view all the answers

A bond formed between a silicon (electronegativity = 1.8) atom and an oxygen (electronegativity = 3.5) atom is likely to be ____.

Polar Covalent. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following covalent bonds is the most polar?

H—F (electronegativity F = 4.0). Signup and view all the answers

What is thought to cause dispersion forces?

Motion of electrons. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the forces of molecular attraction is the weakest?

Dispersion. Signup and view all the answers

What causes dipole interactions?

Attraction between polar molecules. Signup and view all the answers

What causes hydrogen bonding?

Bonding of a covalently bonded hydrogen atom with an unshared electron. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of solid has the highest melting point?

Covalent network solid. Signup and view all the answers

What information does a molecular formula provide?

The number and kind of atoms present in a molecule. Signup and view all the answers

What does the molecular formula HCN indicate about hydrogen cyanide?

It contains one hydrogen atom, one carbon atom, and one nitrogen atom. Signup and view all the answers

What is shown by the structural formula of a molecule or polyatomic ion?

The arrangement of bonded atoms. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chemical Bonds and Interactions

Double Covalent Bond: Involves the sharing of two pairs of electrons between atoms.
Single Covalent Bond: Involves sharing one pair of electrons.
Polar Bond: Occurs between atoms with a significant difference in electronegativity (>0.4).
Hydrogen Bond: A crucial interaction involving hydrogen in a polar bond attracted to unshared electrons in another molecule, influencing properties of water, proteins, and DNA.

Molecular Concepts

Octet Rule: Atoms tend to bond to achieve a noble gas configuration, typically aiming for eight valence electrons.
Molecular Formula: Indicates the types and quantities of atoms in a molecule, e.g., HCN denotes one hydrogen, one carbon, and one nitrogen atom.
Representative Unit in Molecular Compounds: Identified as a molecule.

Forces of Attraction

Dipole Interactions: Attractive forces between polar molecules.
Dispersion Forces: Caused by electron motion, recognized as the weakest molecular attraction force.
Covalent Network Solid: Type of solid exhibiting the highest melting points due to strong covalent bonds.

Achieving Noble-Gas Configurations: Atoms achieve stability by sharing electrons in covalent bonds.
Resonance Structures: A molecule can have two or more valid electron dot formulas, reflecting different configurations of electron pairs.

Bond Polarity

Most Polar Covalent Bond: H—F, due to fluorine's high electronegativity (4.0).
Polar Covalent Bond Example: Formed between silicon (1.8) and oxygen (3.5), indicating unequal sharing of electrons.
Atom with Greatest Negative Charge in Bond: Oxygen (3.5) acquires more negative charge when covalently bonded to hydrogen (2.1).

Diatomic and Noble Gases

Diatomic Molecules with Triple Covalent Bonds: Nitrogen can form these types of molecules.
Diatomic Molecules with Single Covalent Bonds: Formed only by hydrogen and halogens.
Noble Gas Configuration of Water: Neon has the same electron configuration as oxygen in water.

Structural and Arrangement Insights

Structural Formula Significance: Shows how atoms are arranged and bonded within a molecule or polyatomic ion.
Chemical Formula of Ionic Compounds: Reveals the lowest whole-number ratio of ions present.

Summary of Molecular Interactions

Hydrogen Bonding: Arises from a covalently bonded hydrogen atom interacting with another molecule's unshared electron pair.
Dipole Interaction Cause: Resulting from the attraction between polar molecules, leading to specific physical properties.

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Test your understanding of key concepts in Chemistry Chapter 8 with these flashcards. Explore important terms like Double Covalent Bond, Dipole Interactions, and the Octet Rule, all crucial for mastering chemical bonding. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their knowledge in this essential area of chemistry.