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Questions and Answers
What is the minimum number of valence electrons needed by a carbon atom to form a stable molecule?
What is the minimum number of valence electrons needed by a carbon atom to form a stable molecule?
4
What is the type of bond formed between carbon and hydrogen atoms in a methane (CH4) molecule?
What is the type of bond formed between carbon and hydrogen atoms in a methane (CH4) molecule?
Covalent bond
What is the percentage of ionic character in a bond between two atoms with Pauling electronegativities of 1.3 and 3.5?
What is the percentage of ionic character in a bond between two atoms with Pauling electronegativities of 1.3 and 3.5?
74.2%
What type of bond is formed when electrons are delocalized in a 'sea' of electrons?
What type of bond is formed when electrons are delocalized in a 'sea' of electrons?
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What is the primary type of bonding responsible for the strength of a solid?
What is the primary type of bonding responsible for the strength of a solid?
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What type of bond is formed when there is a difference in electronegativity between two atoms?
What type of bond is formed when there is a difference in electronegativity between two atoms?
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What is the term for the temporary dipoles that form in a molecule due to the uneven distribution of electrons?
What is the term for the temporary dipoles that form in a molecule due to the uneven distribution of electrons?
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What is the type of bonding that arises from the interaction between dipoles?
What is the type of bonding that arises from the interaction between dipoles?
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What is the electron configuration of a carbon atom in its ground state?
What is the electron configuration of a carbon atom in its ground state?
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What is the term for the process of mixing atomic orbitals to form hybrid orbitals?
What is the term for the process of mixing atomic orbitals to form hybrid orbitals?
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Study Notes
Ionic Bonding
- NaCl is an example of ionic bonding, where Na (metal) loses an electron to become a stable cation (Na+), and Cl (nonmetal) gains an electron to become a stable anion (Cl-).
- The resulting Coulombic attraction between the oppositely charged ions leads to a stable bond.
Energy and Bonding
- Energy balance is crucial in bonding, with a minimum energy state being the most stable.
- The net energy (EN) is the balance between attractive energy (EA) and repulsive energy (ER).
Examples of Ionic Bonding
- Predominant bonding in ceramics occurs through ionic bonding.
- Examples of ionic bonding include NaCl, MgO, CaF2, and CsCl.
Covalent Bonding
- Covalent bonding occurs when atoms have similar electronegativity, leading to shared electrons.
- Bonding is determined by valence and s & p orbitals.
- Example: H2, where each H atom has 1 valence electron, needs 1 more, and shares 1s electron with the other H atom.
The Periodic Table
- Columns of the periodic table have similar valence structure.
- Electropositive elements (left side) readily give up electrons, while electronegative elements (right side) readily acquire electrons.
Electronegativity
- Electronegativity ranges from 0.9 to 4.1, with large values indicating a tendency to acquire electrons.
- Smaller electronegativity values indicate a tendency to give up electrons.
Ionic Bonding
- Ionic bonding occurs between metal and nonmetal atoms with dissimilar electronegativities.
- Electron transfer is required, with a large difference in electronegativity.
- Example: MgO, where Mg donates electrons and O accepts electrons.
Bond Hybridization
- Carbon can form sp3 hybrid orbitals, allowing it to form four bonds.
- Example: CH4, where C has 4 valence electrons, needs 4 more, and shares electrons with H atoms.
Primary Bonding
- Metallic bonding involves delocalized electrons as an electron cloud.
- Ionic-covalent mixed bonding occurs when both ionic and covalent bonds are present.
Secondary Bonding
- Arises from interaction between dipoles.
- Fluctuating dipoles lead to secondary bonding, such as in liquid H2.
- Secondary bonding occurs between molecules, not within molecules.
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Description
This quiz covers the concepts of ionic bonding, including the formation of ions, electrostatic attraction and energy balance. It's ideal for students studying chemistry.
