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Questions and Answers
What type of reaction involves the rearrangement of atoms?
All combustion reactions are endothermic.
False
What is the name of the theory that relates to reaction rates?
collision theory
The pH scale is used to distinguish between _______________, _______________, and neutral substances.
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Match the following types of chemical reactions with their definitions:
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What is the formula for the acid commonly known as vinegar?
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What is the term for the process of predicting the formation of precipitates using solubility rules?
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All chemical reactions involve energy transfer.
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What is the direction of electric current?
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All matter has electric charge.
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What is the unit of measurement for electric current?
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The total energy of a system is known as its ______________________ energy.
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Match the following types of circuits with their descriptions:
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Entropy always decreases over time in a closed system.
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What is the measure of average kinetic energy of particles?
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What is the unit of measurement for heat?
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The rate of change of velocity is known as ______________________.
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An object at rest remains at rest, and an object in motion remains in motion, unless acted upon by an external force.
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Study Notes
Compounds and Chemical Formulas
- Identify compounds using common names and chemical formulas
- Recognize and name covalent and ionic compounds
- Recognize and name common acids (HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, CH3COOH) and bases (NaOH, KOH, Ba(OH)2, Ca(OH)2)
Indicators and pH Scale
- Indicators and pH scale can distinguish between acidic, basic, and neutral substances
- pH scale measures acidity or basicity of a substance
Hydrocarbons
- Alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes: know how to name and write chemical and structural formulas for C1-8
Polymers
- Polymers are large molecules made up of repeating units called monomers
Chemical Reactions
- Chemical reactions involve the rearrangement of atoms
- Law of conservation of mass: matter is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction
- General equations for different types of chemical reactions:
- Combustion
- Reaction of acids with metals and carbonates
- Corrosion
- Precipitation
- Neutralization
- Decomposition
- Write word and balanced chemical equations for each type of reaction
Solubility and Precipitation
- Use solubility rules to predict the formation of precipitates
Energy Transfer in Reactions
- Chemical reactions involve energy transfer
- Reactions can be exothermic (release energy) or endothermic (absorb energy)
- Combustion and respiration are exothermic reactions that occur at different rates
Factors Affecting Reaction Rates
- Temperature: affects reaction rates
- Concentration of reactants: affects reaction rates
- Surface area: affects reaction rates
- Agitation: affects reaction rates
- Catalysts: affect reaction rates
- Collision theory: relates to reaction rates
Electricity
- Electric charge is a fundamental property of matter and comes in two types: positive and negative, with like charges repelling and opposite charges attracting.
- Electric current is the flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A), and flows from the positive to the negative terminal.
- Resistance is the opposition to electric current, measured in ohms (Ω), and depends on the material, length, and cross-sectional area.
- Circuits can be series, parallel, or series-parallel, with components connected one after the other, between the same two points, or a combination of both.
- Ohm's Law relates voltage (V), current (I), and resistance (R) as V = I × R.
Thermodynamics
- Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles, measured in Kelvin (K) or Celsius (°C).
- Heat is the transfer of energy from one body to another, measured in joules (J).
- Internal energy is the total energy of a system, including kinetic, potential, and potential energy, measured in joules (J).
- The Laws of Thermodynamics state that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted; total entropy of a closed system always increases over time; and as temperature approaches absolute zero, entropy approaches a minimum value.
Mechanics
- Motion involves displacement (change in position), velocity (rate of change of displacement), and acceleration (rate of change of velocity).
- Forces can be frictional, normal, gravitational, or tension forces, and cause objects to change their motion.
- Newton's Laws state that an object at rest remains at rest, and an object in motion remains in motion, unless acted upon by an external force; force is equal to the rate of change of momentum; and every action has an equal and opposite reaction.
SUVAT
- SUVAT equations are used to solve problems involving motion under constant acceleration.
- The five SUVAT equations are: v = u + at, s = ut + (1/2)at^2, v^2 = u^2 + 2as, s = vt - (1/2)at^2, and a = (v - u) / t.
- The variables used in SUVAT equations are displacement (s), initial velocity (u), final velocity (v), acceleration (a), and time (t).
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Description
Test your knowledge of chemistry fundamentals, including compounds, acids, bases, pH scale, and organic chemistry concepts.
