Chapter 2 Bio study guide

Questions and Answers

What elements are primarily found in proteins?

Carbon, hydrogen, and sulfur

Carbon, hydrogen, and phosphorus

Carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen (correct)

Carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur

Which of the following is NOT a building block that makes up proteins?

Amino acids

Nucleic acids (correct)

Lipids

Fatty acids

How many phosphates are present in ATP?

None

3 (correct)

What effect do enzymes have on the activation energy of a chemical reaction?

Enzymes decrease the activation energy of the reaction Signup and view all the answers

What are the monomers that compose proteins called?

Amino acids Signup and view all the answers

What unique property of the water molecule primarily contributes to its ability to form hydrogen bonds?

The polarity of the molecule, which involves a slightly negative oxygen atom and slightly positive hydrogen atoms Signup and view all the answers

Which type of macromolecule is essential for storing and transmitting genetic information?

Nucleic acids, which encode genetic information Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond is primarily responsible for holding water molecules together in a liquid state?

Hydrogen bonds, which are weak attractions between polar molecules Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about water's molecular structure is correct?

The presence of hydrogen bonds allows water to have a high boiling point compared to similar molecules. Signup and view all the answers

Which macromolecule is incorrectly paired with its primary function?

Proteins - genetic information storage Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the particles that determine an atom's nucleus mass?

Protons and neutrons Signup and view all the answers

What type of forces enable geckos to walk on walls?

Weak interactions Signup and view all the answers

How does the charge of a proton compare to that of an electron?

Proton is positively charged, electron is negatively charged Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents the correct number of amino acids found in human beings?

32 Signup and view all the answers

What is the basic unit of matter that chemistry studies?

Atom Signup and view all the answers

What aspect changes during a chemical reaction between two compounds?

Chemical bonds Signup and view all the answers

Macromolecules are primarily formed by linking which of the following?

Monomers, polymers Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups represents the four main types of macromolecules?

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids Signup and view all the answers

What are the monomers that make up carbohydrates called?

Monosaccharides Signup and view all the answers

How many monosaccharides are joined to form a disaccharide?

2 monosaccharides Signup and view all the answers

Which class of macromolecules is characterized by its inability to dissolve in water?

Lipids Signup and view all the answers

What property of water molecules allows them to form bonds with each other?

Hydrogen bonding Signup and view all the answers

If a solution has a pH of 4.5, what can be inferred about its ion concentration?

It is acidic with a higher concentration of hydrogen ions. Signup and view all the answers

Given that household bleach has a pH of 12 to 13, how can this solution be accurately classified?

It is basic with a lower concentration of hydrogen ions. Signup and view all the answers

How would you describe water's polarity in relation to its molecular interactions?

It leads to hydrogen bonding among water molecules. Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely action of an enzyme after releasing a product?

The enzyme will continue to function with the same substrate. Signup and view all the answers

What defines the role of biological catalysts?

They facilitate reactions without being consumed. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bond is formed when atoms share electrons?

Covalent bond Signup and view all the answers

What term describes a substance that is dissolved in a solution?

Solute Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic defines an enzyme's specificity?

It has a specific shape that fits a particular substrate. Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the energy needed to initiate a chemical reaction?

Activation energy Signup and view all the answers

What are isotopes?

Atoms of the same element with different neutron numbers. Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is primarily responsible for protein synthesis?

Ribosomes Signup and view all the answers

Basic unit of matter

Atom Signup and view all the answers

in cells, a structure that contains the cell's genetic material in the form of DNA

Nucleus Signup and view all the answers

Negatively charged particles; located in the space surrounding the nucleus

Electron Signup and view all the answers

Pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom

Element Signup and view all the answers

one of several forms of a single element, which contains the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons

Isotope Signup and view all the answers

Substances formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions

Compound Signup and view all the answers

Chemical bond formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

Ionic Bond Signup and view all the answers

Atom that has a positive or negative charge

Ion Signup and view all the answers

type of bond between atoms in which the electrons are shared

Covalent Bond Signup and view all the answers

Weak interaction between hydrogen atom and another atom

Hydrogen Bond Signup and view all the answers

attraction between molecules of the same substance

Cohesion Signup and view all the answers

force of attraction between different kinds of molecules

Adhesion Signup and view all the answers

material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together

Mixture Signup and view all the answers

type of mixture in which all the components are evenly distributed

solution Signup and view all the answers

substance that is dissolved a solution

solute Signup and view all the answers

dissolving substance in a solution

solvent Signup and view all the answers

a mixture of water and a nondissolved material

Suspension Signup and view all the answers

scale with values 0 to 14, used to measure the concentration of H + ions in a solution: a ph of 0 to 7 is acidic, a pH of 7 is neutra and a PH OF 7-14 is basic.

PH scale Signup and view all the answers

a compound that forms hydrogen atoms (H+) in a solution; a solution with a pH of less than 7

Acid Signup and view all the answers

a compound that produces hydroxide ions (OH-) in a solution; a solution with a Ph of more than 7

Base Signup and view all the answers

a compound that prevents sharp, sudden changes in PH

Buffer Signup and view all the answers

small chemical reaction that makes up a polymer

Monomer Signup and view all the answers

molecules composed of many more monomers; makes up macromolecules

Polymer Signup and view all the answers

a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

Catalyst Signup and view all the answers

Protein that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

Enzyme Signup and view all the answers

reactant of an enzyme-catalyst reaction

Substrate Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chemistry Fundamentals

The atom is the basic unit of matter, consisting of a nucleus surrounded by electrons.
The nucleus is made up of protons (positively charged) and neutrons (neutral).
Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles that orbit the nucleus.

Bonding and Interactions

Van der Waals forces, weak interactions, allow geckos to climb vertically.
Hydrogen bonds, resulting from polar molecules, facilitate interactions between water molecules.

Molecule Composition

Human beings consist of 32 unique amino acids; proteins are made of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and other elements.
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) contains three phosphate groups.
Enzymes lower the activation energy required for chemical reactions, thus enhancing reaction rates.

Macromolecules and Their Building Blocks

Macromolecules are formed from monomers: carbohydrates from monosaccharides, proteins from amino acids, nucleic acids from nucleotides, and lipids from fatty acids.
Disaccharides are formed by two monosaccharides joined via dehydration synthesis (e.g., lactose).

Water Properties

Water molecules exhibit polarity, with a slightly negative oxygen atom and slightly positive hydrogen atoms, enabling hydrogen bonding.
Partial charges on water molecules allow them to engage in hydrogen bonds with other water molecules.

pH and Acid-Base Concepts

A pH of 4.5 indicates a solution with higher hydrogen ion concentration, making it acidic.
Household bleach has a pH between 12 and 13, indicating a basic solution with fewer hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions.

Enzymatic Reactions

After releasing a product like carbonic acid, enzymes typically rebind to new reactants for subsequent reactions.

Vocabulary Overview

Atom: Basic unit of matter.
Nucleus: Center of the atom, containing protons and neutrons.
Electron: Negatively charged particle orbiting the nucleus.
Covalent Bond: Forms when atoms share electrons.
Ionic Bond: Forms when atoms transfer electrons.
Hydrogen Bond: Attraction between polar molecules, such as water.
Acidic Solution: Contains more hydrogen (H+) ions.
Basic Solution: Contains more hydroxide (OH-) ions than hydrogen (H+) ions.
Enzyme: Biological catalyst that accelerates chemical reactions.

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