Chemistry Basics Quiz

<p>18 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The mass number is equal to the atomic number plus the number of neutrons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbon-12 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chemical evolution involves the formation of simple molecules, while biological evolution involves the development of complex organisms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons, while ionic bonds involve the complete transfer of electrons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The greater the difference in electronegativity between two atoms, the more polar the covalent bond. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water’s ability to form hydrogen bonds. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sharing electrons allows each atom to achieve a full valence shell. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A chlorine atom gaining an electron to become $Cl^-$ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Methane ($CH_4$) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electronegativity is a measure of an atom's ability to attract electrons towards itself. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In a polar covalent bond, electrons are shared unequally, while in a nonpolar covalent bond, electrons are shared equally. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The first 18 elements are all found in the human body. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The strong hydrogen bonds between water molecules require significant energy to break, allowing for a greater absorption of energy before a temperature change. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycerol (C3H8O3) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All chemical reactions, including those involving water, can be represented by equations to visualize the process. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The solution is basic. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Buffers minimize fluctuations in pH, ensuring a stable internal environment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A reaction that releases heat energy into the surroundings. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dissolving an acid in water. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a form of kinetic energy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher temperature indicates faster molecular motion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Processes require continuous external influence to proceed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Products must have a lower potential energy than reactants and be less ordered than reactants. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Energy can be transferred and transformed but not created or destroyed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To determine if complex organic molecules could be synthesized from simple molecules present in early Earth's atmosphere. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Entropy is a measure of the disorder in a system, and spontaneous reactions tend to increase entropy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A decrease in potential energy and an increase in entropy of the system. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other, which are relatively weak electrical interactions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrophobic molecules are uncharged and nonpolar, making them unable to form strong interactions with polar water molecules. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cohesion and adhesion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water molecules are nonpolar and can readily dissolve in oils and fats. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The hydrogen bonds in ice create an open crystal structure, making it less dense. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cohesion refers to the attraction between like molecules, such as water molecules, while adhesion refers to the attraction between unlike molecules, such as water and a glass surface. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cohesive forces between water molecules at the surface of the liquid, creating a resistance to increasing surface area. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbon's ability to form four covalent bonds allows for the creation of a wide variety of molecular shapes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Functional groups influence the chemical properties of organic molecules, determining their reactivity and behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polymerization is a process where monomers are linked together to form a long chain through the removal of a water molecule. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrolysis is the reverse reaction of condensation, breaking down polymers into monomers by adding a water molecule. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrolysis is an energetically favorable process and breaks down polymers into monomers, increasing entropy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Simple molecules can spontaneously assemble into complex molecules under conditions simulating early Earth. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Miller used a mixture of simple gases thought to be present in the early Earth’s atmosphere, such as methane (CH4) and ammonia (NH3). (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Miller's experiment provided strong evidence that amino acids, essential building blocks of life, could have formed spontaneously from simpler molecules. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Leading explanation for the origin of life involving complex carbon structures.

Essential traits that living organisms exhibit, including metabolism and reproduction.

Basic units of matter, consisting of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Sum of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons and masses.

Average mass of all naturally occurring isotopes of an element, based on abundance.

Unit of mass for atoms; mass of protons and neutrons is approximately one dalton.

Number of protons in an atom, unique to each element.

Water has a partial negative charge on oxygen and partial positive charge on hydrogens due to electron sharing.

Weak electrical interactions between the partial charges of water molecules, leading to cohesion.

Molecules that interact well with water due to their ionic or polar nature, remaining in solution.

Uncharged and nonpolar molecules that do not dissolve in water, interacting with each other instead.

The attraction between like molecules, allowing water molecules to stick together.

The attraction between unlike molecules, allowing water to stick to other surfaces.

A cohesive force at the surface of water that resists forces that increase its surface area.

Water is denser as a liquid than as a solid, causing ice to float due to its open crystal structure.

Capacity to do work or supply heat.

Stored energy due to position, like in bonds.

Type of potential energy from formed bonds in molecules.

Energy of motion; molecules in constant movement.

Measure of thermal energy in a molecule.

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.

Entropy (disorder) in a system always increases.

Chemical reaction that proceeds without external energy.

An experimental setup that demonstrated the formation of complex molecules from simple molecules using heat and electricity.

Molecules that contain carbon bonded to other elements, forming various shapes and structures.

Connections formed when two atoms share electrons, commonly involving carbon due to its four valence electrons.

Large molecules made of smaller subunits (monomers), essential for life functions like proteins and nucleic acids.

The process of linking monomers together to form polymers, which are large, complex molecules.

A type of reaction where monomers bond together, releasing a water molecule in the process.

The reverse of condensation; a reaction where water is used to break bonds in polymers, separating them into monomers.

A measure of disorder in a system; hydrolysis increases entropy, favoring separate monomers over polymers.

Unstable isotopes that decay over time, releasing energy.

A unit representing 6.022 × 10²³ entities, usually atoms or molecules.

Mass of one mole of a molecule, sum of atomic weights of all its atoms.

Regions around the nucleus where electrons are arranged, numbered by distance from nucleus.

Electrons in the outermost shell, involved in bonding.

Atoms create stability by sharing electrons in covalent bonds.

A bond where electrons are shared unequally, leading to partial charges.

The strength of an atom's pull on electrons; higher with more protons and closer shells.

A bond formed when one atom transfers an electron to another, creating charged ions.

The geometry of bonds determines a molecule's behavior and properties.

The amount of energy needed to raise 1g of a substance by 1°C. Water has high specific heat due to hydrogen bonds.

For water molecules to move faster, many hydrogen bonds must be broken, impacting its temperature change.

A reaction that is reversible, occurring in both directions at approximately the same rate.

Concentration of a solution, measured in moles of solute per liter of solution.

Substances that donate protons (H+) and increase hydronium ion concentration (H3O+) in solutions.

Substances that accept protons (H+) and lower hydronium ion concentration in solutions.

A logarithmic scale that measures the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution; ranges from acidic (<7) to basic (>7).

Substances that minimize changes in pH, helping to maintain stability in biological systems.

Reactions that require thermal energy from the environment to proceed, such as converting liquid water to gas.