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What are the four major elements found in the body that make up 96% of body mass?
What are the four major elements found in the body that make up 96% of body mass?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen
Symbols of the four major elements found in the body?
Symbols of the four major elements found in the body?
C, H, O, N
Subatomic particles that make up atoms include?
Subatomic particles that make up atoms include?
Protons, neutrons, and electrons
Which subatomic particle has a neutral charge?
Which subatomic particle has a neutral charge?
What region of an atom contains the protons and neutrons?
What region of an atom contains the protons and neutrons?
Number of protons or electrons?
Number of protons or electrons?
As an atom's nucleus decays, it will emit radiation. This is seen in?
As an atom's nucleus decays, it will emit radiation. This is seen in?
What refers to the atomic weight of all naturally occurring isotopes of an element?
What refers to the atomic weight of all naturally occurring isotopes of an element?
What particle plays a role in creating chemical bonds and determining the chemical behavior of atoms?
What particle plays a role in creating chemical bonds and determining the chemical behavior of atoms?
This is an atom or compound with a negative charge (has extra electron)?
This is an atom or compound with a negative charge (has extra electron)?
What allows an electrical current to pass?
What allows an electrical current to pass?
This type of chemical bond requires sharing of electron pairs?
This type of chemical bond requires sharing of electron pairs?
This is the type of bond between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms that form a water molecule?
This is the type of bond between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms that form a water molecule?
What is a weak chemical bond that provides the three-dimensional structure of large molecules like proteins and DNA?
What is a weak chemical bond that provides the three-dimensional structure of large molecules like proteins and DNA?
Describes what occurs when new bonds form or old bonds break between atoms?
Describes what occurs when new bonds form or old bonds break between atoms?
Defined as the capacity to do work?
Defined as the capacity to do work?
This type of reaction will absorb more energy than it releases?
This type of reaction will absorb more energy than it releases?
An enzyme acts to?
An enzyme acts to?
This type of reaction will combine reactants to produce larger products?
This type of reaction will combine reactants to produce larger products?
This type of reaction will break larger reactants to produce smaller products?
This type of reaction will break larger reactants to produce smaller products?
This is the most abundant and most inorganic compound in the body?
This is the most abundant and most inorganic compound in the body?
A solute that is able to dissolve easily in water is?
A solute that is able to dissolve easily in water is?
In a typical body solution, the solvent is?
In a typical body solution, the solvent is?
A solution with a pH value less than 7 would be a?
A solution with a pH value less than 7 would be a?
By definition, a substance that can either bind or donate hydrogen ions from a solution is a?
By definition, a substance that can either bind or donate hydrogen ions from a solution is a?
What is considered to be a proton (hydrogen ion) donor?
What is considered to be a proton (hydrogen ion) donor?
These are specific arrangements of atoms that confer the characteristic chemical properties upon organic molecules?
These are specific arrangements of atoms that confer the characteristic chemical properties upon organic molecules?
Glucose and fructose both have the same chemical formula, so they are considered?
Glucose and fructose both have the same chemical formula, so they are considered?
What is a common monosaccharide that is important in providing chemical energy to cells?
What is a common monosaccharide that is important in providing chemical energy to cells?
Major energy storage polysaccharide in humans?
Major energy storage polysaccharide in humans?
This type of triglyceride contains more than one double bond in the fatty acid carbon atoms?
This type of triglyceride contains more than one double bond in the fatty acid carbon atoms?
This type of lipid is the body's long-term energy storage molecule?
This type of lipid is the body's long-term energy storage molecule?
This type of lipid is used by the body to synthesize hormones?
This type of lipid is used by the body to synthesize hormones?
What is NOT true about phospholipids?
What is NOT true about phospholipids?
Prostaglandins and leukotrienes are considered?
Prostaglandins and leukotrienes are considered?
What is not a major function of proteins?
What is not a major function of proteins?
What is not a characteristic or property of enzymes?
What is not a characteristic or property of enzymes?
What is a sugar found in RNA?
What is a sugar found in RNA?
What is the function of RNA?
What is the function of RNA?
What is the function of DNA?
What is the function of DNA?
What is the function of ATP?
What is the function of ATP?
What repeating unit (monomer) is used to build RNA and DNA?
What repeating unit (monomer) is used to build RNA and DNA?
What repeating unit (monomer) is used to build proteins?
What repeating unit (monomer) is used to build proteins?
What repeating unit (monomer) is used to build polysaccharides?
What repeating unit (monomer) is used to build polysaccharides?
An atom having an atomic number of 6 (carbon) has four electrons in its outer shell.
An atom having an atomic number of 6 (carbon) has four electrons in its outer shell.
Different elements have different numbers of protons in their nucleus.
Different elements have different numbers of protons in their nucleus.
The same element can have different atomic masses.
The same element can have different atomic masses.
Ionic bonds are held together by the attraction of opposite plus and minus charges.
Ionic bonds are held together by the attraction of opposite plus and minus charges.
Electrolytes are charged ions in a solution.
Electrolytes are charged ions in a solution.
Individual hydrogen bonds are very strong.
Individual hydrogen bonds are very strong.
Covalent bonds are stronger than hydrogen bonds.
Covalent bonds are stronger than hydrogen bonds.
Covalent bonds tend to break in dilute solutions whereas ionic bonds are stable in ionic solutions.
Covalent bonds tend to break in dilute solutions whereas ionic bonds are stable in ionic solutions.
Heat (a higher temperature) is likely to overcome activation energies more than cold.
Heat (a higher temperature) is likely to overcome activation energies more than cold.
A reversible reaction can be made to go forward by increasing the concentration of substrates or reducing the concentration of products.
A reversible reaction can be made to go forward by increasing the concentration of substrates or reducing the concentration of products.
All isotopes of an element are radioactive.
All isotopes of an element are radioactive.
Hydrogen bonds are broken when a protein is denatured by heating.
Hydrogen bonds are broken when a protein is denatured by heating.
In terms of amount, iodine is a major element in humans.
In terms of amount, iodine is a major element in humans.
The element hydrogen has two electrons in its valence shell.
The element hydrogen has two electrons in its valence shell.
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Study Notes
Major Elements in the Body
- Four major elements constitute 96% of body mass: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen.
- Chemical symbols for these elements are: C, H, O, N.
Atomic Structure
- Atoms are comprised of subatomic particles: Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons.
- The nucleus of an atom contains protons (positive charge) and neutrons (neutral charge).
- Atomic number refers to the number of protons or electrons in an atom.
Radioactivity and Isotopes
- Radioactive isotopes have unstable nuclei that emit radiation during decay.
- Atomic mass reflects the average weight of all natural isotopes of an element.
Chemical Bonding
- Electrons play a crucial role in forming chemical bonds and determining atom behavior.
- Anions are negatively charged particles that have gained an extra electron.
- An electrolyte solution allows electrical currents to pass through.
Types of Chemical Bonds
- Covalent bonds involve sharing electron pairs between atoms.
- Water molecules contain polar covalent bonds between oxygen and hydrogen atoms.
- Hydrogen bonds are weak interactions crucial for the 3D structure of proteins and DNA.
Chemical Reactions
- A chemical reaction involves forming or breaking bonds between atoms.
- Endergonic reactions absorb more energy than they release.
- Enzymes lower the activation energy needed for reactions to occur.
Reaction Types
- Synthesis reactions combine reactants to form larger products.
- Decomposition reactions break larger reactants into smaller products.
Water and Solutions
- Water is the most abundant inorganic compound in the body, acting as a solvent in body solutions.
- Acids are substances with a pH value less than 7, while buffers can bind or donate hydrogen ions.
Organic Molecules
- Functional groups are arrangements of atoms that impart specific chemical properties to organic molecules.
- Isomers are molecules like glucose and fructose that share the same chemical formula.
Carbohydrates
- Glucose, a key monosaccharide, is vital for providing energy to cells.
- Major energy storage polysaccharide in humans is glycogen, not cellulose.
Lipids
- Polyunsaturated triglycerides contain multiple double bonds in fatty acid chains.
- Triglycerides serve as the body's primary long-term energy storage.
- Cholesterol is used by the body to synthesize hormones.
- Phospholipids are essential components of cell membranes.
Proteins and Enzymes
- Proteins do not serve as information storage molecules.
- Enzymes notably lower the activation energy for vital chemical reactions.
Nucleic Acids
- RNA contains ribose sugar and transfers information necessary for protein synthesis.
- DNA stores genetic information for protein synthesis.
- Nucleotides (monomers) are the building blocks of RNA and DNA, while amino acids build proteins.
Additional Concepts
- Simple sugars, such as glucose, are the monomers for polysaccharides.
- Different elements have distinct numbers of protons, contributing to their atomic properties.
- Not all isotopes are radioactive; only certain isotopes demonstrate this property.
Chemical Properties
- Ionic bonds are formed by the attraction between oppositely charged ions.
- Electrolytes are charged ions present in solutions, facilitating various physiological functions.
- Hydrogen bonds are weaker than covalent bonds and can be disrupted by heat, resulting in protein denaturation.
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