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Questions and Answers
What is the process called when triacylglycerol splits into glycerol and three fatty acids?
What is the process called when triacylglycerol splits into glycerol and three fatty acids?
Which bond links the sulfur atoms of two cysteine amino acids?
Which bond links the sulfur atoms of two cysteine amino acids?
What happens when a strong acid reacts with salts of weak acids?
What happens when a strong acid reacts with salts of weak acids?
Which of the following identifies polyhydric alcohols through a specific copper reaction?
Which of the following identifies polyhydric alcohols through a specific copper reaction?
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What type of bonding occurs in Lewis acids and bases?
What type of bonding occurs in Lewis acids and bases?
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What type of reaction occurs between a carboxyl group and an alcohol?
What type of reaction occurs between a carboxyl group and an alcohol?
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What is the effect of unsaturated fatty acids on the fluidity of fats at room temperature?
What is the effect of unsaturated fatty acids on the fluidity of fats at room temperature?
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In the Arrhenius theory, how does an acid behave in water?
In the Arrhenius theory, how does an acid behave in water?
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What is the formula for calculating pOH?
What is the formula for calculating pOH?
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What makes aldehydes more reactive than ketones?
What makes aldehydes more reactive than ketones?
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What is the pH of a solution where [H3O+] = 0.01 M?
What is the pH of a solution where [H3O+] = 0.01 M?
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Which statement accurately describes tautomerism?
Which statement accurately describes tautomerism?
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What characterizes amino acids as amphoteric molecules?
What characterizes amino acids as amphoteric molecules?
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In keto-enol tautomerism, what interconversion occurs?
In keto-enol tautomerism, what interconversion occurs?
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What is the resultant pH when pOH is 2?
What is the resultant pH when pOH is 2?
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Which group contributes to the polarity of phospholipids?
Which group contributes to the polarity of phospholipids?
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Study Notes
Hydrolysis
- Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction where a molecule of water breaks down another molecule.
- An example is the breakdown of triacylglycerol into glycerol and three fatty acids.
- This reaction requires an acid or enzyme catalyst.
Chemical Bonds
- Chemical bonds link atoms to form molecules.
Sulfide Bridges
- Sulfide bridges are covalent bonds that connect the sulfur atoms of two cysteine amino acids.
Amino Acids (Essential)
- Histidine and Methionine are essential amino acids.
Leucine and Isoleucine
- Leucine and Isoleucine are amino acids with respective chemical formulas.
Phenylalanine and Tryptophan
- Phenylalanine and Tryptophan are amino acids with specific chemical structures.
Threonine and Valine
- Threonine and Valine are amino acids with specific chemical structures.
Soap
- Soap can be made in two ways:
- Fat or oil + strong base (NaOH or KOH)
Polyhydric Alcohols
- Polyhydric alcohols, such as glycerol, can be identified through a reaction with copper(II) under specific conditions to form bright blue complexes.
Acidity/Basicity Definitions
- Arrhenius: acids release H+ ions in water, and bases release OH- ions in water.
- Brønsted-Lowry: acids are proton donors, and bases are proton acceptors.
- Lewis: acids are electron-pair acceptors, and bases are electron-pair donors.
Column Chromatography
- Column chromatography separates compounds based on their polarity or hydrophobicity.
Carboxyl Group + Alcohol → Ester
- This process is called esterification and it typically involves an acid catalyst (like concentrated sulfuric acid).
Strong Acid and Weak Acid Salts
- Strong acids can replace weak acids in salts.
- This happens because the strong acid has a greater tendency to donate hydrogen ions.
Fatty Acid Properties
- Fatty acid absorption is influenced by concentration, light source width, and light flux.
Calculations of pH, pOH, [H⁺] and [OH⁻]
- pH = -log[H₃O⁺]
- pOH = -log[OH⁻]
- pH + pOH = 14
- [H₃O⁺] = 10⁻pH
- [OH⁻] = 10⁻pOH
Reactions in Aldehydes (Not Ketones)
- Aldehydes have a higher reactivity compared to ketones due to the presence of a hydrogen atom directly attached to the carbonyl carbon. This difference in reactivity allows aldehydes to undergo certain reactions that ketones do not.
Phospholipids (Head)
- The phosphate group and the additional functional group make the head of a phospholipid polar.
Peptide Bond Formation
- Amino acids are joined together by a special type of condensation reaction to form peptide bonds.
Tautomerism
- Tautomerism is a type of isomerism where compounds readily interconvert by the migration of a hydrogen ion and the shifting in positions of a double bond between isomers.
- One example is keto-enol tautomerism; an equilibrium that forms between a ketone form and the enol form of a molecule.
Amphoteric Nature of Amino Acids
- Amino acids can act as either acids or bases, depending on the surrounding pH.
- This behavior is largely due to the presence of both amino groups (-NH2) and carboxyl groups (-COOH) in their structures. These groups can either gain or lose protons (H+).
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Description
This quiz covers fundamental concepts in chemistry, focusing on hydrolysis, chemical bonds, and essential amino acids. Test your knowledge on how these chemical reactions and structures interact in biological and chemical processes.
