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Questions and Answers
What is the charge of a proton?
The atomic number of an atom is the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus.
False
What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond?
An ionic bond is an electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions, while a covalent bond is the sharing of electrons between atoms.
The ____________ of an atom is the number of protons in its nucleus.
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Match the following types of chemical reactions with their descriptions:
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The pH of a neutral solution is 0.
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What is the trend of atomic radius across a period in the periodic table?
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What is the definition of an acid according to the Arrhenius theory?
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The pH of a solution is calculated using the formula pH = -log[___________].
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What is the purpose of a catalyst in a chemical reaction?
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Study Notes
Atomic Structure
- Atomic model:
- Protons (positive charge) in the nucleus
- Neutrons (no charge) in the nucleus
- Electrons (negative charge) in energy levels (shells) around the nucleus
- Subatomic particles:
- Proton: +1 charge, 1 amu (atomic mass unit)
- Neutron: 0 charge, 1 amu
- Electron: -1 charge, negligible mass
- Atomic number (Z): number of protons in an atom's nucleus
- Mass number (A): total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus
Chemical Bonding
- Types of bonds:
- Ionic bond: electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions
- Covalent bond: sharing of electrons between atoms
- Bonding theories:
- Electronegativity: ability of an atom to attract electrons
- Electronegativity difference: predicts bond type (ionic or covalent)
Periodic Table
- Organization:
- Rows: periods (horizontal)
- Columns: groups (vertical)
- Periodic trends:
- Atomic radius decreases from left to right across a period
- Electronegativity increases from left to right across a period
- Blocks:
- s-block: first two columns (alkali metals and alkaline earth metals)
- p-block: last six columns (nonmetals and metalloids)
Chemical Reactions
- Types of reactions:
- Synthesis reaction: two substances combine to form a new compound
- Decomposition reaction: one substance breaks down into two or more substances
- Single displacement reaction: one element replaces another in a compound
- Combustion reaction: reaction with oxygen, often producing heat and light
- Reaction rates:
- Factors affecting rate: concentration, temperature, surface area, catalysts
Acids and Bases
- Arrhenius theory:
- Acid: substance that donates a proton (H+)
- Base: substance that accepts a proton
- pH scale:
- pH = -log[H+]
- Acidic: pH < 7
- Basic: pH > 7
- Neutral: pH = 7
Reactivity of Metals
- Reactivity series:
- Metals listed in order of reactivity (most reactive to least reactive)
- Reacts with oxygen, water, and acids to form compounds
- Extraction of metals:
- Methods: electrolysis, smelting, and refining
Writing the Formula
- Formula writing rules:
- Cations (positive ions) first
- Anions (negative ions) second
- Polyatomic ions: retain their charge and formula
- Formula types:
- Molecular formula: actual number of atoms in a molecule
- Empirical formula: simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in a molecule
Precipitation Reactions
- Definition: reaction resulting in the formation of an insoluble solid (precipitate)
- Conditions for precipitation:
- High concentration of reactants
- Presence of an electrolyte
- Net ionic equation: shows only the species participating in the reaction
Balancing the Equation
- Steps to balance an equation:
- Write the unbalanced equation
- Count the atoms of each element on both sides
- Add coefficients in front of formulas to balance the equation
- Balanced equation: number of atoms of each element is equal on both sides
Hydrocarbons
- Definition: compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms
- Types of hydrocarbons:
- Saturated (single bonds only): alkanes
- Unsaturated (multiple bonds): alkenes and alkynes
- Functional groups:
- Alkyl group: hydrocarbon chain attached to a functional group
- Substituent: atom or group of atoms replacing a hydrogen atom
Atomic Structure
- Atomic model consists of protons, neutrons, and electrons
- Protons have a positive charge, neutrons have no charge, and electrons have a negative charge
- Electrons are arranged in energy levels (shells) around the nucleus
- Atomic number (Z) is the number of protons in an atom's nucleus
- Mass number (A) is the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus
Chemical Bonding
- Ionic bonds form through electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions
- Covalent bonds form through the sharing of electrons between atoms
- Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract electrons
- Electronegativity difference predicts bond type (ionic or covalent)
Periodic Table
- The periodic table is organized into rows (periods) and columns (groups)
- Atomic radius decreases from left to right across a period
- Electronegativity increases from left to right across a period
- The s-block consists of the first two columns (alkali metals and alkaline earth metals)
- The p-block consists of the last six columns (nonmetals and metalloids)
Chemical Reactions
- Synthesis reactions involve two substances combining to form a new compound
- Decomposition reactions involve one substance breaking down into two or more substances
- Single displacement reactions involve one element replacing another in a compound
- Combustion reactions involve reaction with oxygen, often producing heat and light
- Factors affecting reaction rate include concentration, temperature, surface area, and catalysts
Acids and Bases
- Acids donate a proton (H+), while bases accept a proton
- pH is measured on a scale from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral
- Acidic solutions have a pH < 7, basic solutions have a pH > 7
Reactivity of Metals
- The reactivity series lists metals in order of reactivity (most reactive to least reactive)
- Metals react with oxygen, water, and acids to form compounds
- Metals are extracted through electrolysis, smelting, and refining
Writing the Formula
- Cations are written first, followed by anions
- Polyatomic ions retain their charge and formula
- Molecular formula shows the actual number of atoms in a molecule
- Empirical formula shows the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in a molecule
Precipitation Reactions
- Precipitation reactions result in the formation of an insoluble solid
- Conditions for precipitation include high concentration of reactants and presence of an electrolyte
- Net ionic equations show only the species participating in the reaction
Balancing the Equation
- The steps to balance an equation include writing the unbalanced equation, counting atoms, and adding coefficients
- A balanced equation has the same number of atoms of each element on both sides
Hydrocarbons
- Hydrocarbons are compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms
- Saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes) have single bonds only
- Unsaturated hydrocarbons (alkenes and alkynes) have multiple bonds
- Alkyl groups are hydrocarbon chains attached to a functional group
- Substituents are atoms or groups of atoms replacing a hydrogen atom
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Description
Test your knowledge of atomic structure, including protons, neutrons, and electrons, as well as chemical bonding. Covers atomic number, mass number, and more.
