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Generally, what taste do acids have?
Generally, what taste do acids have?
Sour
Early chemists easily determined the reasons for acids having a set of common properties.
Early chemists easily determined the reasons for acids having a set of common properties.
False
Who is the French chemist credited with describing acids as substances that contain oxygen?
Who is the French chemist credited with describing acids as substances that contain oxygen?
Antoine Lavoisier
Which of the following acids do NOT fit Lavoisier's definition of acids as substances that contain oxygen?
Which of the following acids do NOT fit Lavoisier's definition of acids as substances that contain oxygen?
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Who proposed the theory that acids are hydrogen compounds where hydrogen can be replaced by metals?
Who proposed the theory that acids are hydrogen compounds where hydrogen can be replaced by metals?
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What are the two key characteristics that define acids, according to the standard definition?
What are the two key characteristics that define acids, according to the standard definition?
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The standard definition of acids explains their chemical structure.
The standard definition of acids explains their chemical structure.
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Acids release hydrogen ions in solutions.
Acids release hydrogen ions in solutions.
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When hydrogen chloride dissolves in water, what ions are formed?
When hydrogen chloride dissolves in water, what ions are formed?
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What is the active ingredient in an acidic solution, rather than a simple hydrogen ion?
What is the active ingredient in an acidic solution, rather than a simple hydrogen ion?
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The oxonium ion is also known as the ______ ion.
The oxonium ion is also known as the ______ ion.
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Which of the following reactions accurately represents the dissociation of nitric acid (HNO3) in water?
Which of the following reactions accurately represents the dissociation of nitric acid (HNO3) in water?
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Study Notes
Acids, Bases and Salts
- Acids generally taste sour and react strongly with metals.
- Bases react with acids.
- Early chemists struggled to define why acids shared common properties.
- Antoine Lavoisier suggested acids contain oxygen, but this wasn't universally applicable.
- Justus von Liebig later proposed that acids contain hydrogen that can be replaced by metals.
- The standard definition of an acid is that it releases hydrogen ions (H+) in solution.
Redox Reactions
- A redox reaction involves both oxidation and reduction.
- Oxidation is the loss of electrons, while reduction is the gain of electrons.
- The number of electrons lost in oxidation equals the number gained in reduction.
- In the reaction: Cu²+(aq) + Zn(s) → Zn²+(aq) + Cu(s), copper ions gain electrons to form copper metal (reduction), and zinc metal loses electrons to form zinc ions (oxidation).
- Oxidizing agents cause oxidation in a reaction and are reduced; meanwhile, reducing agents cause reduction and are oxidized.
- In the example: Cu²+(aq) + Zn(s) → Zn²+(aq) + Cu(s), Cu²+(aq) is the oxidizing agent and Zn(s) the reducing agent.
Balancing Redox Reactions
- Balancing redox reactions involves balancing the number of atoms and electrons in the reaction.
- In an acidic medium, water (H₂O) and hydrogen ions (H⁺) are used to balance oxygen and hydrogen atoms respectively.
- In a basic medium, water (H₂O) and hydroxide ions (OH⁻) are used.
Salts
- Salts are composed of small ions, typically hard and brittle with high melting and boiling points.
- They are ionic compounds containing at least two elements.
- The formation of salts is typically formed by an acid and a base.
- Ions carry a charge due to loss or gain of valence electrons.
- Positively charged ions are called cations, negatively charged ions are called anions
- Salts are generally highly soluble in water due to their polarity; consequently, water molecules pull apart the cations and anions breaking their ionic bonds.
- Salts have crystalline structures and can appear in various colours.
- Examples include calcium chloride and copper sulfate.
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Description
This quiz explores the properties of acids, bases, and the fundamentals of redox reactions in chemistry. It covers definitions, historical perspectives, and key concepts like oxidation and reduction. Test your knowledge on how these chemical reactions interact and the rules that govern them.
