Chemical Weathering and Caves

Study Notes

Chemical weathering changes the composition of a rock.
Oxidation is a form of chemical weathering that results in rust.
Oxygen reacts with iron to form iron oxide (rust).
Protective coatings slow down oxidation on metal products, but rocks lack this protection.
Acid rain is a form of chemical weathering caused by the reaction of water and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
Human activity, such as burning fossil fuels, increases the acidity of rain, leading to faster weathering.
Lichens and mosses secrete mild acids that dissolve rocks, contributing to weathering.

Chemical weathering forms caves, particularly limestone caves.
Stalactites hang from cave ceilings, similar to stone icicles.
Stalagmites grow from cave floors due to dripping calcite.
Drip curtains are long, delicate formations created by water seeping along cracks.
Columns form when stalactites and stalagmites connect.
Spelunkers are individuals who explore caves.

Weathering is the process of breaking down rocks.
There are two primary types of weathering: mechanical and chemical.
Both types of weathering occur at or near the Earth's surface, influenced by temperature and moisture.

Mechanical weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces.
Factors affecting mechanical weathering include water, wind, temperature, pressure, and plant/animal life.
Frost Wedging (Frost Action) occurs when water freezes in rock cracks, expanding and widening them.
Frost Heaving happens when water freezes beneath a rock, pushing it upward.
Pressure Release causes rocks to expand and crack due to reduced pressure.
Exfoliation involves sheets of rock peeling away like onion layers.
Abrasion is the grinding and wearing down of rocks through friction.
Plants and animals can contribute to weathering by their growth and activities.