Chemical Weathering Processes Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What are the external forces that act on the earth's surface known as?

  • Endogenic forces
  • Internal forces
  • Exogenic forces (correct)
  • Dynamic forces

    • Why is the surface of the earth uneven?

  • Mainly due to endogenic forces
  • Due to the movement of crustal plates
  • Caused by variations in the internal forces from within the earth (correct)
  • Because of exogenic forces

    • What is responsible for the variations in the outer surface of the earth's crust?

  • Exogenic forces
  • Movement of the earth's atmosphere
  • Endogenic forces
  • Differences in internal forces from within the earth (correct)

    • What are the internal forces originating within the earth known as?

    <p>Endogenic forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of forces have moved and are moving the earth's crust vertically and horizontally?

    <p>Internal forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of forces are known as exogenic forces?

    <p>External forces acting on the earth's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phenomenon of wearing down of relief variations of the surface of the earth through erosion known as?

    <p>Gradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which forces continuously elevate or build up parts of the earth’s surface?

    <p>Endogenic forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are mainly considered as land building forces?

    <p>Endogenic forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do exogenic processes mainly function as?

    <p>Erosional forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the meaning of geomorphic processes?

    <p>Changes in the configuration of the earth’s surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element of nature can be called a geomorphic agent?

    <p>Running water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes all downslope movements of matter?

    <p>Gravity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Emanating from within the earth, what is the main force behind endogenic geomorphic processes?'

    <p>Radioactivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Diastrophism' includes which of the following processes?

    <p>Mountain building only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Volcanism' includes which of the following activities?

    <p>Movements of magma only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are epeirogeny and orogeny processes responsible for?

    <p>Mountain building and continental building respectively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes stresses on the earth’s materials due to variations in geothermal gradients and heat flow from within?

    <p>Diastrophism and volcanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of weathering in mass movement?

    <p>Weathering aids mass movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following geomorphic agents participate in the process of mass movements?

    <p>None of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of materials favor mass movements?

    <p>Unconsolidated materials and steeply dipping beds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an activating cause for mass movements?

    <p>Removal of natural vegetation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mass movement is characterized by extremely slow and imperceptible movement of materials?

    <p>Creep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of climate are rapid movements mostly prevalent?

    <p>Humid climate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when thick layers of weathered materials get saturated with water and slowly or rapidly flow down along definite channels?

    <p>Mudflow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mass movement is similar to snow avalanche and can be much faster than mudflow?

    <p>Debris avalanche</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of movement of materials is characterized by slipping of one or several units of rock debris with a backward rotation with respect to the slope over which the movement takes place?

    <p>Slump</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of material is relatively dry and involved in landslides?

    <p>Relatively dry materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor determines the size and shape of the detached mass in landslides?

    <p>The nature of discontinuities in the rock and the degree of weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of weathering processes acts on the rocks to decompose, dissolve, or reduce them to a fine clastic state through chemical reactions?

    <p>Solution, carbonation, hydration, oxidation, and reduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when something is dissolved in water or acids?

    <p>Solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which rock-forming minerals are affected by the process of solution?

    <p>Sulphates and potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reaction of carbonate and bicarbonate with minerals called?

    <p>Carbonation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical addition of water to minerals called?

    <p>Hydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In weathering, what does oxidation mean?

    <p>Combination of a mineral with oxygen to form oxides or hydroxides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When oxidized minerals are placed in an environment where oxygen is absent, what process takes place?

    <p>Reduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What applied forces cause rock fracture in physical weathering processes?

    <p>Gravitational forces, expansion forces, and water pressures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes vertical pressure release leading to rock expansion in physical weathering processes?

    <p>Unloading and expansion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the formation of stress within the rock resulting in heaving and fracturing parallel to the surface?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of climate makes internal movement among mineral grains more effective leading to rock weakness due to continued fatigue?

    <p>Dry climate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of climate is most effective for thermal expansion and pressure release causing physical weathering processes?

    <p>Dry climate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the exogenic geomorphic processes covered under?

    <p>Denudation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the variation in the exogenic geomorphic processes within different climatic regions?

    <p>Temperature and precipitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sole driving force behind all the exogenic processes?

    <p>Climatic factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of rocks affects the intensity of action of exogenic geomorphic processes?

    <p>Chemical composition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is defined as the mechanical disintegration and chemical decomposition of rocks through the actions of various elements of weather and climate?

    <p>Weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT important for conditioning weathering processes?

    <p>Tectonic forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves action of elements of weather and climate over earth materials?

    <p>Weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to indicate the stripping off or uncovering of earth materials?

    <p>'Denudation'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of stress is produced in a solid by pushing or pulling?

    <p>'Shear stress'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of rocks offer varying resistances to various geomorphic processes?

    <p>'All types of rocks'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'denude' mean?

    <p>'Stripping off or uncovering'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two important climatic elements that control various exogenic processes?

    <p>'Temperature and precipitation'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of weathering occurs due to growth of ice within pores and cracks of rocks during repeated cycles of freezing and melting?

    <p>Frost Wedging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of rocks do smooth surfaced and rounded small to big boulders called tors form due to exfoliation?

    <p>Granites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes salt crystals in near-surface pores to heave up overlying layers of materials and develop polygonal cracks in desert areas?

    <p>Salt Weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process causes the flaking off of more or less curved sheets of shells from over rocks or bedrock?

    <p>Exfoliation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor that determines the expansion of salts in rocks?

    <p>Temperature and thermal properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of weathering is responsible for the formation of exfoliation domes?

    <p>Temperature Changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to or removes minerals and ions from the weathering environment and causes physical changes due to growth or movement of organisms?

    <p>Biological Weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is most effective in areas with alternating wetting and drying conditions, causing the neighboring grains to be pushed aside?

    <p>Salt Weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process results in the breaking down of chalk most readily, followed by limestone, sandstone, shale, gneiss, and granite?

    <p>Salt Weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor that causes splitting of individual grains within rocks, eventually resulting in granular disintegration or granular foliation?

    <p>Temperature Changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of rock formations result due to unloading and thermal expansion?

    <p>Exfoliation Domes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the enrichment and concentrations of certain valuable ores like iron, manganese, aluminum, copper etc.?

    <p>Weathering processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for the variations in the outer surface of the earth's crust?

    <p>External forces induced by energy (sunlight) and internal forces from within the earth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the internal forces originating within the earth known as?

    <p>Endogenic forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the external forces that act on the earth's surface known as?

    <p>Exogenic forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mass movement is similar to snow avalanche and can be much faster than mudflow?

    <p>Rockslide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when thick layers of weathered materials get saturated with water and slowly or rapidly flow down along definite channels?

    <p>Debris flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is defined as the mechanical disintegration and chemical decomposition of rocks through the actions of various elements of weather and climate?

    <p>Weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phenomenon of wearing down of relief variations of the surface of the earth through erosion known as?

    <p>Gradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the endogenic geomorphic processes caused by?

    <p>Energy from within the Earth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main force behind endogenic geomorphic processes?

    <p>Energy from within the Earth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of processes move, elevate, or build up portions of the Earth's crust?

    <p>Diastrophism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do exogenic processes mainly function as?

    <p>Land wearing forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Volcanism' includes which of the following activities?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Diastrophism' includes which of the following processes?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Epeirogeny' is a process involving which of the following?

    <p>Uplift or warping of large parts of the Earth’s crust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential to distinguish between geomorphic agents and geomorphic processes?

    <p>Their impact on earth materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does gravity cause besides being a directional force activating all downslope movements of matter?

    <p>Movements due to gradients and erosion transportation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What activates wave and tide induced currents and winds indirectly?

    <p>Gravity and gradients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following weathering processes involves the chemical addition of water to minerals?

    <p>Hydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reaction of carbonate and bicarbonate with minerals called?

    <p>Carbonation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of climate is most effective for thermal expansion and pressure release causing physical weathering processes?

    <p>Dry climate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the formation of stress within the rock resulting in heaving and fracturing parallel to the surface?

    <p>Diurnal temperature changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Can chemical weathering processes dominate in water scarce hot deserts?

    <p>Yes, because the absence of water accelerates chemical reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when thick layers of weathered materials get saturated with water and slowly or rapidly flow down along definite channels?

    <p>Mass movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Emanating from within the earth, what is the main force behind endogenic geomorphic processes?'

    <p>Internal forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mass movement is similar to snow avalanche and can be much faster than mudflow?

    <p>Rockfall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process results in the breaking down of chalk most readily, followed by limestone, sandstone, shale, gneiss, and granite?

    <p>Oxidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to or removes minerals and ions from the weathering environment and causes physical changes due to growth or movement of organisms?

    <p>Biochemical weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of materials favor mass movements?

    <p>Saturated materials with dense vegetation cover</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of rock formations result due to unloading and thermal expansion?

    <p>Exfoliation domes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of weathering occurs due to growth of ice within pores and cracks of rocks during repeated cycles of freezing and melting?

    <p>Frost wedging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor that determines the expansion of salts in rocks?

    <p>Thermal properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes salt crystals in near-surface pores to heave up overlying layers of materials and develop polygonal cracks in desert areas?

    <p>Salt crystallization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of weathering is responsible for the formation of exfoliation domes?

    <p>Unloading and thermal expansion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to or removes minerals and ions from the weathering environment and causes physical changes due to growth or movement of organisms?

    <p>Biological weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of climate are rapid movements mostly prevalent?

    <p>Desert climate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Emanating from within the earth, what is the main force behind endogenic geomorphic processes?'

    <p>Tectonic forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Volcanism' includes which of the following activities?

    <p>Release of volcanic gases and eruption of lava</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of forces have moved and are moving the earth's crust vertically and horizontally?

    <p>Endogenic forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves action of elements of weather and climate over earth materials?

    <p>Physical weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to indicate the stripping off or uncovering of earth materials?

    <p>Erosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of weathering in mass movement?

    <p>Weathering aids mass movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of material is relatively dry and involved in landslides?

    <p>Relatively dry material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process involves action of elements of weather and climate over earth materials?

    <p>Weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mass movement is characterized by extremely slow and imperceptible movement of materials?

    <p>Creep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mainly contributes to the enrichment and concentrations of certain valuable ores like iron, manganese, aluminum, copper etc.?

    <p>Weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of weathering processes acts on the rocks to decompose, dissolve, or reduce them to a fine clastic state through chemical reactions?

    <p>Chemical weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Diastrophism' includes which of the following processes?

    <p>Upheaval and subsidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes all downslope movements of matter?

    <p>Mass movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of climate makes internal movement among mineral grains more effective leading to rock weakness due to continued fatigue?

    <p>Tropical climate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of stress is produced in a solid by pushing or pulling?

    <p>Compressive stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process results in the breaking down of chalk most readily, followed by limestone, sandstone, shale, gneiss, and granite?

    <p>Solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the driving force behind all the exogenic processes?

    <p>Atmospheric energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor determines the intensity of action of exogenic geomorphic processes?

    <p>Type and structure of rocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does weathering refer to?

    <p>Mechanical disintegration and chemical decomposition of rocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of weathering is conditioned by complex geological, climatic, topographic, and vegetative factors?

    <p>All types of weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are the effects of most exogenic geomorphic processes small and slow?

    <p>Due to continued fatigue over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'denudation' mean?

    <p>'Stripping off' or 'uncovering' of earth materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to dissolution and reduction of rocks to a fine clastic state through chemical reactions?

    <p>'Weathering'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for reducing earth materials to a fragmental state?

    <p>'Weathering'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does oxidation mean in the context of weathering?

    <p>'Chemical reaction with oxygen'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that conditions weathering processes?

    <p>'Climate'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three major groups of weathering processes?

    <p>Mechanical, chemical, biological</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do the exogenic geomorphic processes vary within any climatic region?

    <p>Due to local variations caused by multiple climatic elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

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