216 Questions
Which of the following is an endogenously produced chemical mediator that helps protect the skin from invading microbes?
Sebum
Which of the following chemical mediators is exogenously produced by resident microbes that degrade sebum?
Oleic acid
Which of the following chemical mediators inhibits microbial growth in the female reproductive system by lowering the pH in the vagina?
Lactate
Which of the following chemical mediators exhibits antimicrobial properties due to the presence of fatty acids that lower the pH in the ears?
Cerumen
Which of the following chemical mediators in tears eliminates microbes on the surface of the eyes?
Lysozyme
Which of the following nonspecific cell-derived mediators have broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties and can induce cell damage in microorganisms?
AMPs
Which of the following plasma protein mediators can act as an innate nonspecific defense and is composed of more than 30 proteins that become activated when stimulated by factors such as the presence of microorganisms?
Complement system
Which of the following lipid-based proinflammatory mediators produced from the metabolism of arachidonic acid are more potent and longer lasting than histamine?
Leukotrienes
Which of the following chemical defenses of nonspecific innate immunity kill bacteria by attacking membranes or interfering with cell functions?
Defensins
What is the function of lactoperoxidase enzymes and lysozyme found in saliva and mucus?
Inhibit microbial growth
What is the function of the highly acidic gastric fluid in the stomach?
Kill microbes
What is the function of urine in the urinary tract?
Kill microbes
What is the function of cerumen (earwax)?
Inhibit microbial growth
What is the function of surfactant in the respiratory tract?
Inhibit microbial growth
What is the function of acute-phase proteins such as C-reactive protein and mannose-binding lectin?
Activate complement cascades
What is the function of mast cells and basophils?
Promote inflammation
What is the function of leukotrienes?
Promote inflammation
What is the function of prostaglandins?
Promote inflammation
What is the function of bradykinin?
Promote inflammation
What is the function of chemokines?
Recruit leukocytes to sites of infection and inflammation
What is the function of defensins and cathelicidin?
Kill microbes
What is the function of lactoperoxidase enzymes and lysozyme found in saliva and mucus?
Inhibit or kill microbes in the mouth and nose
Which of the following is true about urine as a chemical mediator?
It flushes microbes out of the body during urination
What is the function of surfactant in the respiratory tract?
Inhibit microbial infection
Which of the following statements about cerumen (earwax) is true?
It exhibits antimicrobial properties due to the presence of fatty acids that lower the pH in the ears
What is the function of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)?
Kill bacteria by attacking membranes or interfering with cell functions
Which of the following is true about the complement system?
It is a group of plasma protein mediators that can act as an innate nonspecific defense
What is the function of cytokines in nonspecific innate immunity?
Recruit specific subsets of leukocytes to sites of infection and inflammation
Which of the following statements is true about mast cells and basophils?
They release histamine, which promotes proinflammatory events such as bronchoconstriction and smooth muscle contraction
What is the function of prostaglandins in nonspecific innate immunity?
Promote the inflammatory effects of kinins and histamines and can help to set the body temperature higher, leading to fever
Which of the following is true about acute-phase proteins?
They are produced in the liver and secreted into the blood in response to inflammatory molecules from the immune system
What is the function of chemokines in nonspecific innate immunity?
Recruit specific subsets of leukocytes to sites of infection and inflammation
Which of the following is true about leukotrienes?
They are lipid-based proinflammatory mediators produced from the metabolism of arachidonic acid, which are more potent and longer lasting than histamine
What is the function of chemical mediators in innate nonspecific immunity?
To inhibit microbial invasion
Which of the following is an example of an exogenously produced mediator?
Histamine released by mast cells
What is the role of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in innate nonspecific immunity?
To kill bacteria by attacking membranes or interfering with cell functions
Which of the following is NOT a chemical mediator found in tears?
Histamine
What is the function of acute-phase proteins in innate nonspecific immunity?
To trap and kill bacteria and aid in phagocytosis
Which of the following is a chemical mediator found in the digestive tract that inhibits or kills microbes?
Lactate
What is the function of chemokines in innate nonspecific immunity?
To recruit leukocytes to sites of infection and inflammation
Which of the following is a plasma protein mediator that can act as an innate nonspecific defense?
Complement proteins
What is the function of cerumen in the ears?
To exhibit antimicrobial properties due to the presence of fatty acids that lower the pH in the ears
Which of the following is a lipid-based proinflammatory mediator produced from the metabolism of arachidonic acid?
Leukotrienes
What is the function of the complement system in innate nonspecific immunity?
To trap and kill bacteria and aid in phagocytosis
Which of the following is a chemical mediator found in urine that inhibits the growth of many microbes in the urinary tract?
Lactate
Which chemical mediator is exogenously produced by resident microbes that degrade sebum?
Oleic acid
Which chemical mediator is found in tears and eliminates microbes on the surface of the eyes?
Lysozyme
Which of the following is a nonspecific cell-derived mediator that has broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties and can induce cell damage in microorganisms?
Antimicrobial peptides
Which chemical mediator is produced in the liver and secreted into the blood in response to inflammatory molecules from the immune system?
Mannose-binding lectin
Which of the following chemical mediators is found in the respiratory tract and inhibits microbial infection?
Surfactant
Which plasma protein mediator can act as an innate nonspecific defense and is composed of more than 30 proteins that become activated when stimulated by factors such as the presence of microorganisms?
Complement system
Which of the following is a lipid-based proinflammatory mediator produced from the metabolism of arachidonic acid, which is more potent and longer lasting than histamine?
Leukotrienes
Which chemical mediator contributes to edema by binding to receptors on cells in the capillary walls, causing the capillaries to dilate and become more permeable to fluids?
Bradykinin
Which of the following is a chemical defense of nonspecific innate immunity found in the digestive tract that inhibits or kills microbes?
Lysozyme
Which chemical mediator is found in urine and inhibits the growth of many microbes in the urinary tract?
Uric acid
Which of the following is a nonspecific cell-derived mediator that kills bacteria by attacking membranes or interfering with cell functions?
Defensins
Which of the following is an acute-phase protein that acts as an opsonin, activating complement cascades through the lectin pathway?
Mannose-binding lectin
Which of the following chemical mediators is endogenously produced by sebaceous glands?
Oleic acid
Which of the following is a chemical mediator exogenously produced by resident microbes that degrade sebum?
Oleic acid
Which of the following chemical mediators inhibits microbial growth in the female reproductive system by lowering the pH in the vagina?
Lactate
Which of the following chemical mediators exhibits antimicrobial properties due to the presence of fatty acids that lower the pH in the ears?
Cerumen (earwax)
Which of the following chemical mediators in tears eliminates microbes on the surface of the eyes?
Lactoferrin
Which of the following nonspecific cell-derived mediators have broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties and can induce cell damage in microorganisms?
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)
Which of the following plasma protein mediators can act as an innate nonspecific defense and is composed of more than 30 proteins that become activated when stimulated by factors such as the presence of microorganisms?
Mannose-binding lectin
Which of the following lipid-based proinflammatory mediators produced from the metabolism of arachidonic acid are more potent and longer lasting than histamine?
Leukotrienes
Which of the following chemical defenses of nonspecific innate immunity kill bacteria by attacking membranes or interfering with cell functions?
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)
What is the function of lactoperoxidase enzymes and lysozyme found in saliva and mucus?
Kill bacteria by attacking membranes or interfering with cell functions
What is the function of the highly acidic gastric fluid in the stomach?
Inhibit microbial infection in the digestive tract
What is the function of urine in the urinary tract?
Flush microbes out of the body during urination
What is the function of surfactant in the respiratory tract?
Inhibit microbial infection in the respiratory tract
Which of the following is an example of an exogenously produced chemical mediator that inhibits microbial infection?
Oleic acid
Which of the following chemical mediators found in body fluids and tissues can work alone or in conjunction to inhibit microbial infection?
Lysozyme
Which of the following chemical mediators found in saliva and mucus inhibits or kills microbes?
Lysozyme
Which of the following body fluids inhibits the growth of many microbes in the urinary tract due to its slight acidity?
Urine
Which of the following chemical mediators inhibits microbial growth in the female reproductive system by lowering the pH in the vagina?
Lactate
Which of the following chemical mediators found in tears eliminates microbes on the surface of the eyes?
Lysozyme
Which of the following is NOT a lipid-based proinflammatory mediator produced from the metabolism of arachidonic acid?
Bradykinin
Which of the following plasma protein mediators assists in trapping and killing bacteria and aids in phagocytosis?
Complement proteins
Which of the following body fluids exhibits antimicrobial properties due to the presence of fatty acids that lower the pH in the ears?
Cerumen
Which of the following nonspecific cell-derived mediators has broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties and can induce cell damage in microorganisms?
Antimicrobial peptides
Which of the following acute-phase proteins acts as an opsonin, activating complement cascades through the lectin pathway?
Mannose-binding lectin
Which of the following respiratory tract chemical mediators inhibits microbial infection by breaking down bacterial cell walls?
Lysozyme
What is the function of chemokines in the innate immune response?
To recruit specific subsets of leukocytes to sites of infection and inflammation
What is the function of interferons in the innate immune response?
To inhibit viral replication and stimulate immune cells to attack virus-infected cells
What is the function of inflammation-eliciting mediators in the innate immune response?
To recruit specific subsets of leukocytes to sites of infection and inflammation
What is the function of mast cells and basophils in the innate immune response?
To promote proinflammatory events such as bronchoconstriction and smooth muscle contraction
What is the function of leukotrienes in the innate immune response?
To promote proinflammatory events such as bronchoconstriction and smooth muscle contraction
What is the function of prostaglandins in the innate immune response?
To help set the body temperature higher, leading to fever
What is the function of bradykinin in the innate immune response?
To contribute to edema by binding to receptors on cells in the capillary walls
What is the function of sebum in the innate immune response?
To protect the skin from invading microbes
What is the function of lysozyme in the innate immune response?
To kill bacteria by attacking membranes or interfering with cell functions
What is the function of highly acidic gastric fluid in the innate immune response?
To aid in trapping and killing bacteria and aid in phagocytosis
What is the function of urine in the innate immune response?
To flush microbes out of the body during urination, and the slight acidity of urine inhibits the growth of many microbes in the urinary tract
What is the function of surfactant in the innate immune response?
To inhibit microbial infection in the respiratory tract
What is the function of chemokines in nonspecific innate immunity?
Recruit leukocytes to sites of infection and inflammation
Which of the following chemical mediators is endogenously produced by sebaceous glands and helps protect the skin from invading microbes?
Oleic acid
Which of the following chemical mediators inhibits microbial growth in the respiratory tract?
Surfactant
What is the function of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in nonspecific innate immunity?
Kill bacteria by attacking membranes or interfering with cell functions
Which of the following is a plasma protein mediator that can act as an innate nonspecific defense and is composed of more than 30 proteins that become activated when stimulated by factors such as the presence of microorganisms?
Complement system
Which of the following chemical mediators exhibits antimicrobial properties due to the presence of fatty acids that lower the pH in the ears?
Cerumen (earwax)
What is the function of acute-phase proteins such as C-reactive protein and mannose-binding lectin in nonspecific innate immunity?
Act as opsonins, activating complement cascades through the lectin pathway
Which of the following chemical mediators inhibits microbial growth in the female reproductive system by lowering the pH in the vagina?
Lactate
What is the function of histamine in nonspecific innate immunity?
Promote proinflammatory events such as bronchoconstriction and smooth muscle contraction
Which of the following chemical mediators aids in trapping and killing bacteria and aids in phagocytosis in nonspecific innate immunity?
Complement proteins
Which of the following chemical mediators inhibits microbial growth in the urinary tract?
Lactate
What is the function of prostaglandins in nonspecific innate immunity?
Promote the inflammatory effects of kinins and histamines and can help to set the body temperature higher, leading to fever
What chemical mediator is exogenously produced by resident microbes that degrade sebum?
Oleic acid
What chemical mediator is endogenously produced by sebaceous glands and helps protect the skin from invading microbes?
Sebum
What chemical mediator is found in saliva and mucus and inhibits or kills microbes?
Lactoperoxidase enzymes and lysozyme
What chemical mediator in tears eliminates microbes on the surface of the eyes?
Lysozyme and lactoferrin
What nonspecific cell-derived mediator has broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties and can induce cell damage in microorganisms?
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)
What plasma protein mediator can act as an innate nonspecific defense and is composed of more than 30 proteins that become activated when stimulated by factors such as the presence of microorganisms?
Complement system
What lipid-based proinflammatory mediator produced from the metabolism of arachidonic acid is more potent and longer lasting than histamine?
Leukotrienes
What plasma protein mediator acts as an opsonin, activating complement cascades through the lectin pathway?
Acute-phase proteins such as C-reactive protein and mannose-binding lectin
What chemical mediator contributes to edema by binding to receptors on cells in the capillary walls, causing the capillaries to dilate and become more permeable to fluids?
Bradykinin
What chemical mediator inhibits microbial growth in the female reproductive system by lowering the pH in the vagina?
Lactate
What chemical mediator exhibits antimicrobial properties due to the presence of fatty acids that lower the pH in the ears?
Cerumen (earwax)
What nonspecific innate defense mechanism expels pathogens from the body through mechanisms such as coughing, vomiting, and diarrhea?
Chemical defenses and mediators
What is the function of chemical mediators in innate nonspecific immunity?
To inhibit microbial infection
Which of the following is an endogenously produced chemical mediator that helps protect the skin from invading microbes?
Sebum
What is the function of lactate in innate nonspecific immunity?
To lower the pH in the vagina
Which of the following body fluids has a slight acidity that inhibits the growth of many microbes in the urinary tract?
Urine
What is the function of cerumen (earwax) in innate nonspecific immunity?
To inhibit microbial infection
Which of the following is a nonspecific cell-derived mediator that has broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties and can induce cell damage in microorganisms?
Antimicrobial peptides
What is the function of acute-phase proteins in innate nonspecific immunity?
To trap and kill bacteria
Which of the following lipid-based proinflammatory mediators produced from the metabolism of arachidonic acid is more potent and longer lasting than histamine?
Leukotrienes
What is the function of bradykinin in innate nonspecific immunity?
To cause edema
Which of the following plasma protein mediators can act as an innate nonspecific defense and is composed of more than 30 proteins that become activated when stimulated by factors such as the presence of microorganisms?
Complement system
What is the function of surfactant in the respiratory tract?
To act as a chemical mediator in mucus
What is the function of chemical defenses of nonspecific innate immunity?
To inhibit microbial infection
Which of the following is an exogenously produced chemical mediator that helps protect the skin from invading microbes?
Oleic acid
What is the function of the digestive tract's lactoperoxidase enzymes and lysozyme found in saliva and mucus?
Inhibit or kill microbes
Which of the following is a chemical mediator that inhibits microbial growth in the respiratory tract?
Surfactant
Which of the following chemical mediators is found in tears and eliminates microbes on the surface of the eyes?
Lysozyme
Which of the following is a nonspecific cell-derived mediator that kills bacteria by attacking membranes or interfering with cell functions?
Defensins
Which of the following is a plasma protein mediator that can act as an innate nonspecific defense and is composed of more than 30 proteins that become activated when stimulated by factors such as the presence of microorganisms?
Complement system
Which of the following lipid-based proinflammatory mediators is produced from the metabolism of arachidonic acid and contributes to edema by binding to receptors on cells in the capillary walls, causing the capillaries to dilate and become more permeable to fluids?
Bradykinin
Which of the following chemical mediators inhibits microbial growth in the female reproductive system by lowering the pH in the vagina?
Lactate
Which of the following is a chemical mediator that is found in earwax and exhibits antimicrobial properties due to the presence of fatty acids that lower the pH in the ears?
Cerumen
Which of the following is a nonspecific cell-derived mediator that has broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties and can induce cell damage in microorganisms?
Defensins
Which of the following is a plasma protein mediator that acts as an opsonin, activating complement cascades through the lectin pathway?
Acute-phase proteins
Which of the following is a lipid-based proinflammatory mediator that is more potent and longer lasting than histamine?
Leukotrienes
Which of the following chemical defenses of nonspecific innate immunity works by flushing microbes out of the body during urination and inhibiting the growth of many microbes in the urinary tract?
Urine
What is the function of chemokines in innate immunity?
Recruit specific subsets of leukocytes to sites of infection and inflammation
Which of the following chemical mediators helps protect the skin from invading microbes?
Sebum
Which of the following is a nonspecific cell-derived mediator that has broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties and can induce cell damage in microorganisms?
Antimicrobial peptides
What is the function of acute-phase proteins such as C-reactive protein and mannose-binding lectin?
Activate complement cascades through the lectin pathway
Which of the following chemical mediators inhibits microbial growth in the female reproductive system by lowering the pH in the vagina?
Lactate
What is the function of mast cells and basophils in innate immunity?
Release histamine, which promotes proinflammatory events such as bronchoconstriction and smooth muscle contraction
Which of the following chemical mediators exhibits antimicrobial properties due to the presence of fatty acids that lower the pH in the ears?
Cerumen (earwax)
What is the function of the complement system in innate immunity?
Act as an innate nonspecific defense and trap and kill bacteria
Which of the following chemical mediators in tears eliminates microbes on the surface of the eyes?
Lysozyme
What is the function of the highly acidic gastric fluid in the stomach?
Inhibit or kill microbes in the digestive tract
Which of the following chemical mediators in mucus inhibits microbial infection in the respiratory tract?
Lysozyme
What is the function of urine in innate immunity?
Flush microbes out of the body during urination
Which of the following is a chemical mediator that is exogenously produced by resident microbes that degrade sebum?
Oleic acid
Which of the following chemical mediators is found in saliva and mucus and inhibits or kills microbes?
Lysozyme
Which of the following chemical mediators inhibits microbial growth in the female reproductive system by lowering the pH in the vagina?
Lactate
Which of the following chemical mediators exhibits antimicrobial properties due to the presence of fatty acids that lower the pH in the ears?
Oleic acid
Which of the following chemical mediators is found in tears and eliminates microbes on the surface of the eyes?
Lysozyme
Which of the following nonspecific cell-derived mediators have broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties and can induce cell damage in microorganisms?
Antimicrobial peptides
Which of the following plasma protein mediators can act as an innate nonspecific defense and is composed of more than 30 proteins that become activated when stimulated by factors such as the presence of microorganisms?
Complement system
Which of the following lipid-based proinflammatory mediators produced from the metabolism of arachidonic acid are more potent and longer lasting than histamine?
Leukotrienes
Which of the following chemical defenses of nonspecific innate immunity kill bacteria by attacking membranes or interfering with cell functions?
Antimicrobial peptides
What is the function of lactoperoxidase enzymes and lysozyme found in saliva and mucus?
To inhibit or kill microbes
What is the function of the highly acidic gastric fluid in the stomach?
To inhibit or kill microbes
What is the function of urine in the urinary tract?
To flush microbes out of the body and inhibit microbial growth
What is the function of surfactant in the respiratory tract?
To inhibit microbial infection
Which of the following chemical mediators creates a mildly acidic environment on the surface of the skin, inhibiting many pathogenic microbes?
Oleic acid
Which of the following chemical mediators is NOT produced by the digestive tract?
Lactate
Which of the following chemical mediators is used by the female reproductive system to inhibit microbial growth?
Lactate
Which of the following chemical mediators exhibits antimicrobial properties due to the presence of fatty acids, which lower the pH to between 3 and 5 in the ears?
Cerumen
Which of the following chemical mediators found in tears is capable of eliminating microbes on the surface of the eyes?
Both Lysozyme and Lactoferrin
Which of the following nonspecific cell-derived mediators attacks bacteria by interfering with cell functions?
Defensins
Which of the following plasma protein mediators aids in trapping and killing bacteria?
Complement proteins
Which of the following lipid-based proinflammatory mediators is produced from the metabolism of arachidonic acid and promotes the inflammatory effects of kinins and histamines?
Prostaglandins
Which of the following chemical defenses of nonspecific innate immunity kills bacteria by attacking membranes?
Defensins
What is the function of acute-phase proteins such as C-reactive protein and mannose-binding lectin?
Act as opsonins and activate complement cascades
Which of the following chemical mediators induces coughing, vomiting, and diarrhea?
Histamine
Which of the following chemical mediators alerts cells to viral infection and induces antiviral defenses in infected and nearby uninfected cells?
Interferons
Which of the following is an exogenously produced mediator that creates a mildly acidic environment on the surface of the skin, inhibiting many pathogenic microbes?
Oleic acid
Which of the following chemical mediators is NOT produced by the digestive tract?
Lactate
Which of the following body fluids has a slightly acidic pH that inhibits the growth of many microbes and potential pathogens?
Urine
Which of the following chemical mediators is NOT found in tears?
Histamine
Which of the following is NOT a function of inflammation-eliciting mediators?
Inhibit microbial growth
Which of the following plasma protein mediators can act as an opsonin and activate complement cascades?
Complement proteins
Which of the following chemical mediators is NOT a lipid-based proinflammatory mediator produced from the metabolism of arachidonic acid?
Histamine
Which of the following chemical defenses of nonspecific innate immunity kills bacteria by attacking membranes or interfering with cell functions?
Antimicrobial peptides
Which of the following cytokines stimulates the production of acute-phase proteins, which act as opsonins and activate complement cascades?
Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
Which of the following chemical mediators is NOT found in sebum?
Paneth cells
Which of the following is NOT a function of acute-phase proteins?
Kill bacteria by attacking membranes
Which of the following chemical mediators is exogenously produced by resident microbes that degrade sebum?
Oleic acid
Which of the following chemical mediators creates a mildly acidic environment on the surface of the skin, inhibiting many pathogenic microbes?
Oleic acid
Which of the following chemical mediators is NOT produced by the digestive tract?
Lactate
Which of the following chemical mediators is found in tears and capable of eliminating microbes on the surface of the eyes?
Both Lysozyme and Lactoferrin
Which of the following chemical mediators is NOT involved in the nonspecific innate immune response?
Antibodies
Which of the following chemical mediators is responsible for inhibiting microbial growth in the female reproductive system?
Lactate
Which of the following chemical mediators is responsible for creating a mildly acidic environment in the ears, inhibiting microbial growth?
Cerumen
Which of the following chemical mediators is responsible for contributing to edema by binding to receptors on cells in the capillary walls and causing them to dilate and become more permeable to fluids?
Bradykinin
Which of the following chemical mediators is responsible for inducing antiviral defenses in infected and nearby uninfected cells?
Type II interferon
Which of the following chemical mediators is responsible for promoting the inflammatory effects of kinins and histamines and can also help to set the body temperature higher, leading to fever?
Prostaglandins
Which of the following chemical mediators is responsible for alerting cells to viral infection and inducing apoptosis of virus-infected cells?
Type II interferon
Which of the following chemical mediators is NOT found in the respiratory tract?
Lactate
Which of the following chemical mediators is responsible for inhibiting microbial growth in urine and flushing microbes out of the body during urination?
Urine
Which of the following chemical mediators creates a mildly acidic environment on the surface of the skin, inhibiting many pathogenic microbes?
Oleic acid
Which of the following chemical mediators is NOT produced by the digestive tract?
Lactate
Which of the following chemical mediators is responsible for inhibiting microbial growth in the female reproductive system?
Lactate
Which of the following chemical mediators exhibits antimicrobial properties due to the presence of fatty acids that lower the pH in the ears?
Cerumen
Which of the following chemical mediators in tears eliminates microbes on the surface of the eyes?
Lysozyme
Which of the following nonspecific cell-derived mediators have broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties and can kill bacteria by attacking membranes or interfering with cell functions?
Antimicrobial peptides
Which of the following plasma protein mediators can act as an innate nonspecific defense while also serving to connect innate and adaptive immunity?
Complement proteins
Which of the following lipid-based proinflammatory mediators produced from the metabolism of arachidonic acid are more potent and longer lasting than histamine?
Leukotrienes
Which of the following chemical defenses of nonspecific innate immunity kill bacteria by attacking membranes or interfering with cell functions?
Lysozyme
What is the function of lactoperoxidase enzymes and lysozyme found in saliva and mucus?
Kill bacteria by attacking membranes or interfering with cell functions
What is the function of the highly acidic gastric fluid in the stomach?
Inhibit microbial growth
What is the function of urine in the urinary tract?
Flushes microbes out of the body during urination
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free
