Chemical Mediators and Nonspecific Immunity Quiz 17.2
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is an endogenously produced chemical mediator that helps protect the skin from invading microbes?

  • Lactate
  • Sebum (correct)
  • Oleic acid
  • Lysozyme

    • Which of the following chemical mediators is exogenously produced by resident microbes that degrade sebum?

  • Lactate
  • Sebum
  • Lysozyme
  • Oleic acid (correct)

    • Which of the following chemical mediators inhibits microbial growth in the female reproductive system by lowering the pH in the vagina?

  • Lactate (correct)
  • Surfactant
  • Lysozyme
  • Histamine

    • Which of the following chemical mediators exhibits antimicrobial properties due to the presence of fatty acids that lower the pH in the ears?

    <p>Cerumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical mediators in tears eliminates microbes on the surface of the eyes?

    <p>Lysozyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nonspecific cell-derived mediators have broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties and can induce cell damage in microorganisms?

    <p>AMPs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following plasma protein mediators can act as an innate nonspecific defense and is composed of more than 30 proteins that become activated when stimulated by factors such as the presence of microorganisms?

    <p>Complement system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following lipid-based proinflammatory mediators produced from the metabolism of arachidonic acid are more potent and longer lasting than histamine?

    <p>Leukotrienes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical defenses of nonspecific innate immunity kill bacteria by attacking membranes or interfering with cell functions?

    <p>Defensins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of lactoperoxidase enzymes and lysozyme found in saliva and mucus?

    <p>Inhibit microbial growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the highly acidic gastric fluid in the stomach?

    <p>Kill microbes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of urine in the urinary tract?

    <p>Kill microbes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of cerumen (earwax)?

    <p>Inhibit microbial growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of surfactant in the respiratory tract?

    <p>Inhibit microbial growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of acute-phase proteins such as C-reactive protein and mannose-binding lectin?

    <p>Activate complement cascades</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of mast cells and basophils?

    <p>Promote inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of leukotrienes?

    <p>Promote inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of prostaglandins?

    <p>Promote inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of bradykinin?

    <p>Promote inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of chemokines?

    <p>Recruit leukocytes to sites of infection and inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of defensins and cathelicidin?

    <p>Kill microbes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of lactoperoxidase enzymes and lysozyme found in saliva and mucus?

    <p>Inhibit or kill microbes in the mouth and nose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about urine as a chemical mediator?

    <p>It flushes microbes out of the body during urination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of surfactant in the respiratory tract?

    <p>Inhibit microbial infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about cerumen (earwax) is true?

    <p>It exhibits antimicrobial properties due to the presence of fatty acids that lower the pH in the ears</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)?

    <p>Kill bacteria by attacking membranes or interfering with cell functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the complement system?

    <p>It is a group of plasma protein mediators that can act as an innate nonspecific defense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of cytokines in nonspecific innate immunity?

    <p>Recruit specific subsets of leukocytes to sites of infection and inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about mast cells and basophils?

    <p>They release histamine, which promotes proinflammatory events such as bronchoconstriction and smooth muscle contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of prostaglandins in nonspecific innate immunity?

    <p>Promote the inflammatory effects of kinins and histamines and can help to set the body temperature higher, leading to fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about acute-phase proteins?

    <p>They are produced in the liver and secreted into the blood in response to inflammatory molecules from the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of chemokines in nonspecific innate immunity?

    <p>Recruit specific subsets of leukocytes to sites of infection and inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about leukotrienes?

    <p>They are lipid-based proinflammatory mediators produced from the metabolism of arachidonic acid, which are more potent and longer lasting than histamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of chemical mediators in innate nonspecific immunity?

    <p>To inhibit microbial invasion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an exogenously produced mediator?

    <p>Histamine released by mast cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in innate nonspecific immunity?

    <p>To kill bacteria by attacking membranes or interfering with cell functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a chemical mediator found in tears?

    <p>Histamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of acute-phase proteins in innate nonspecific immunity?

    <p>To trap and kill bacteria and aid in phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a chemical mediator found in the digestive tract that inhibits or kills microbes?

    <p>Lactate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of chemokines in innate nonspecific immunity?

    <p>To recruit leukocytes to sites of infection and inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a plasma protein mediator that can act as an innate nonspecific defense?

    <p>Complement proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of cerumen in the ears?

    <p>To exhibit antimicrobial properties due to the presence of fatty acids that lower the pH in the ears</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a lipid-based proinflammatory mediator produced from the metabolism of arachidonic acid?

    <p>Leukotrienes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the complement system in innate nonspecific immunity?

    <p>To trap and kill bacteria and aid in phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a chemical mediator found in urine that inhibits the growth of many microbes in the urinary tract?

    <p>Lactate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemical mediator is exogenously produced by resident microbes that degrade sebum?

    <p>Oleic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemical mediator is found in tears and eliminates microbes on the surface of the eyes?

    <p>Lysozyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a nonspecific cell-derived mediator that has broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties and can induce cell damage in microorganisms?

    <p>Antimicrobial peptides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemical mediator is produced in the liver and secreted into the blood in response to inflammatory molecules from the immune system?

    <p>Mannose-binding lectin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical mediators is found in the respiratory tract and inhibits microbial infection?

    <p>Surfactant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plasma protein mediator can act as an innate nonspecific defense and is composed of more than 30 proteins that become activated when stimulated by factors such as the presence of microorganisms?

    <p>Complement system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a lipid-based proinflammatory mediator produced from the metabolism of arachidonic acid, which is more potent and longer lasting than histamine?

    <p>Leukotrienes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemical mediator contributes to edema by binding to receptors on cells in the capillary walls, causing the capillaries to dilate and become more permeable to fluids?

    <p>Bradykinin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a chemical defense of nonspecific innate immunity found in the digestive tract that inhibits or kills microbes?

    <p>Lysozyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemical mediator is found in urine and inhibits the growth of many microbes in the urinary tract?

    <p>Uric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a nonspecific cell-derived mediator that kills bacteria by attacking membranes or interfering with cell functions?

    <p>Defensins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an acute-phase protein that acts as an opsonin, activating complement cascades through the lectin pathway?

    <p>Mannose-binding lectin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical mediators is endogenously produced by sebaceous glands?

    <p>Oleic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a chemical mediator exogenously produced by resident microbes that degrade sebum?

    <p>Oleic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical mediators inhibits microbial growth in the female reproductive system by lowering the pH in the vagina?

    <p>Lactate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical mediators exhibits antimicrobial properties due to the presence of fatty acids that lower the pH in the ears?

    <p>Cerumen (earwax)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical mediators in tears eliminates microbes on the surface of the eyes?

    <p>Lactoferrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nonspecific cell-derived mediators have broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties and can induce cell damage in microorganisms?

    <p>Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following plasma protein mediators can act as an innate nonspecific defense and is composed of more than 30 proteins that become activated when stimulated by factors such as the presence of microorganisms?

    <p>Mannose-binding lectin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following lipid-based proinflammatory mediators produced from the metabolism of arachidonic acid are more potent and longer lasting than histamine?

    <p>Leukotrienes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical defenses of nonspecific innate immunity kill bacteria by attacking membranes or interfering with cell functions?

    <p>Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of lactoperoxidase enzymes and lysozyme found in saliva and mucus?

    <p>Kill bacteria by attacking membranes or interfering with cell functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the highly acidic gastric fluid in the stomach?

    <p>Inhibit microbial infection in the digestive tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of urine in the urinary tract?

    <p>Flush microbes out of the body during urination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of surfactant in the respiratory tract?

    <p>Inhibit microbial infection in the respiratory tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an exogenously produced chemical mediator that inhibits microbial infection?

    <p>Oleic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical mediators found in body fluids and tissues can work alone or in conjunction to inhibit microbial infection?

    <p>Lysozyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical mediators found in saliva and mucus inhibits or kills microbes?

    <p>Lysozyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following body fluids inhibits the growth of many microbes in the urinary tract due to its slight acidity?

    <p>Urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical mediators inhibits microbial growth in the female reproductive system by lowering the pH in the vagina?

    <p>Lactate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical mediators found in tears eliminates microbes on the surface of the eyes?

    <p>Lysozyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a lipid-based proinflammatory mediator produced from the metabolism of arachidonic acid?

    <p>Bradykinin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following plasma protein mediators assists in trapping and killing bacteria and aids in phagocytosis?

    <p>Complement proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following body fluids exhibits antimicrobial properties due to the presence of fatty acids that lower the pH in the ears?

    <p>Cerumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nonspecific cell-derived mediators has broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties and can induce cell damage in microorganisms?

    <p>Antimicrobial peptides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following acute-phase proteins acts as an opsonin, activating complement cascades through the lectin pathway?

    <p>Mannose-binding lectin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following respiratory tract chemical mediators inhibits microbial infection by breaking down bacterial cell walls?

    <p>Lysozyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of chemokines in the innate immune response?

    <p>To recruit specific subsets of leukocytes to sites of infection and inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of interferons in the innate immune response?

    <p>To inhibit viral replication and stimulate immune cells to attack virus-infected cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of inflammation-eliciting mediators in the innate immune response?

    <p>To recruit specific subsets of leukocytes to sites of infection and inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of mast cells and basophils in the innate immune response?

    <p>To promote proinflammatory events such as bronchoconstriction and smooth muscle contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of leukotrienes in the innate immune response?

    <p>To promote proinflammatory events such as bronchoconstriction and smooth muscle contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of prostaglandins in the innate immune response?

    <p>To help set the body temperature higher, leading to fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of bradykinin in the innate immune response?

    <p>To contribute to edema by binding to receptors on cells in the capillary walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of sebum in the innate immune response?

    <p>To protect the skin from invading microbes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of lysozyme in the innate immune response?

    <p>To kill bacteria by attacking membranes or interfering with cell functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of highly acidic gastric fluid in the innate immune response?

    <p>To aid in trapping and killing bacteria and aid in phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of urine in the innate immune response?

    <p>To flush microbes out of the body during urination, and the slight acidity of urine inhibits the growth of many microbes in the urinary tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of surfactant in the innate immune response?

    <p>To inhibit microbial infection in the respiratory tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of chemokines in nonspecific innate immunity?

    <p>Recruit leukocytes to sites of infection and inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical mediators is endogenously produced by sebaceous glands and helps protect the skin from invading microbes?

    <p>Oleic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical mediators inhibits microbial growth in the respiratory tract?

    <p>Surfactant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in nonspecific innate immunity?

    <p>Kill bacteria by attacking membranes or interfering with cell functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a plasma protein mediator that can act as an innate nonspecific defense and is composed of more than 30 proteins that become activated when stimulated by factors such as the presence of microorganisms?

    <p>Complement system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical mediators exhibits antimicrobial properties due to the presence of fatty acids that lower the pH in the ears?

    <p>Cerumen (earwax)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of acute-phase proteins such as C-reactive protein and mannose-binding lectin in nonspecific innate immunity?

    <p>Act as opsonins, activating complement cascades through the lectin pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical mediators inhibits microbial growth in the female reproductive system by lowering the pH in the vagina?

    <p>Lactate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of histamine in nonspecific innate immunity?

    <p>Promote proinflammatory events such as bronchoconstriction and smooth muscle contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical mediators aids in trapping and killing bacteria and aids in phagocytosis in nonspecific innate immunity?

    <p>Complement proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical mediators inhibits microbial growth in the urinary tract?

    <p>Lactate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of prostaglandins in nonspecific innate immunity?

    <p>Promote the inflammatory effects of kinins and histamines and can help to set the body temperature higher, leading to fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What chemical mediator is exogenously produced by resident microbes that degrade sebum?

    <p>Oleic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What chemical mediator is endogenously produced by sebaceous glands and helps protect the skin from invading microbes?

    <p>Sebum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What chemical mediator is found in saliva and mucus and inhibits or kills microbes?

    <p>Lactoperoxidase enzymes and lysozyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What chemical mediator in tears eliminates microbes on the surface of the eyes?

    <p>Lysozyme and lactoferrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nonspecific cell-derived mediator has broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties and can induce cell damage in microorganisms?

    <p>Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What plasma protein mediator can act as an innate nonspecific defense and is composed of more than 30 proteins that become activated when stimulated by factors such as the presence of microorganisms?

    <p>Complement system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What lipid-based proinflammatory mediator produced from the metabolism of arachidonic acid is more potent and longer lasting than histamine?

    <p>Leukotrienes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What plasma protein mediator acts as an opsonin, activating complement cascades through the lectin pathway?

    <p>Acute-phase proteins such as C-reactive protein and mannose-binding lectin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What chemical mediator contributes to edema by binding to receptors on cells in the capillary walls, causing the capillaries to dilate and become more permeable to fluids?

    <p>Bradykinin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What chemical mediator inhibits microbial growth in the female reproductive system by lowering the pH in the vagina?

    <p>Lactate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What chemical mediator exhibits antimicrobial properties due to the presence of fatty acids that lower the pH in the ears?

    <p>Cerumen (earwax)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nonspecific innate defense mechanism expels pathogens from the body through mechanisms such as coughing, vomiting, and diarrhea?

    <p>Chemical defenses and mediators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of chemical mediators in innate nonspecific immunity?

    <p>To inhibit microbial infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an endogenously produced chemical mediator that helps protect the skin from invading microbes?

    <p>Sebum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of lactate in innate nonspecific immunity?

    <p>To lower the pH in the vagina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following body fluids has a slight acidity that inhibits the growth of many microbes in the urinary tract?

    <p>Urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of cerumen (earwax) in innate nonspecific immunity?

    <p>To inhibit microbial infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a nonspecific cell-derived mediator that has broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties and can induce cell damage in microorganisms?

    <p>Antimicrobial peptides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of acute-phase proteins in innate nonspecific immunity?

    <p>To trap and kill bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following lipid-based proinflammatory mediators produced from the metabolism of arachidonic acid is more potent and longer lasting than histamine?

    <p>Leukotrienes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of bradykinin in innate nonspecific immunity?

    <p>To cause edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following plasma protein mediators can act as an innate nonspecific defense and is composed of more than 30 proteins that become activated when stimulated by factors such as the presence of microorganisms?

    <p>Complement system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of surfactant in the respiratory tract?

    <p>To act as a chemical mediator in mucus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of chemical defenses of nonspecific innate immunity?

    <p>To inhibit microbial infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an exogenously produced chemical mediator that helps protect the skin from invading microbes?

    <p>Oleic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the digestive tract's lactoperoxidase enzymes and lysozyme found in saliva and mucus?

    <p>Inhibit or kill microbes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a chemical mediator that inhibits microbial growth in the respiratory tract?

    <p>Surfactant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical mediators is found in tears and eliminates microbes on the surface of the eyes?

    <p>Lysozyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a nonspecific cell-derived mediator that kills bacteria by attacking membranes or interfering with cell functions?

    <p>Defensins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a plasma protein mediator that can act as an innate nonspecific defense and is composed of more than 30 proteins that become activated when stimulated by factors such as the presence of microorganisms?

    <p>Complement system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following lipid-based proinflammatory mediators is produced from the metabolism of arachidonic acid and contributes to edema by binding to receptors on cells in the capillary walls, causing the capillaries to dilate and become more permeable to fluids?

    <p>Bradykinin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical mediators inhibits microbial growth in the female reproductive system by lowering the pH in the vagina?

    <p>Lactate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a chemical mediator that is found in earwax and exhibits antimicrobial properties due to the presence of fatty acids that lower the pH in the ears?

    <p>Cerumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a nonspecific cell-derived mediator that has broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties and can induce cell damage in microorganisms?

    <p>Defensins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a plasma protein mediator that acts as an opsonin, activating complement cascades through the lectin pathway?

    <p>Acute-phase proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a lipid-based proinflammatory mediator that is more potent and longer lasting than histamine?

    <p>Leukotrienes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical defenses of nonspecific innate immunity works by flushing microbes out of the body during urination and inhibiting the growth of many microbes in the urinary tract?

    <p>Urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of chemokines in innate immunity?

    <p>Recruit specific subsets of leukocytes to sites of infection and inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical mediators helps protect the skin from invading microbes?

    <p>Sebum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a nonspecific cell-derived mediator that has broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties and can induce cell damage in microorganisms?

    <p>Antimicrobial peptides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of acute-phase proteins such as C-reactive protein and mannose-binding lectin?

    <p>Activate complement cascades through the lectin pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical mediators inhibits microbial growth in the female reproductive system by lowering the pH in the vagina?

    <p>Lactate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of mast cells and basophils in innate immunity?

    <p>Release histamine, which promotes proinflammatory events such as bronchoconstriction and smooth muscle contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical mediators exhibits antimicrobial properties due to the presence of fatty acids that lower the pH in the ears?

    <p>Cerumen (earwax)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the complement system in innate immunity?

    <p>Act as an innate nonspecific defense and trap and kill bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical mediators in tears eliminates microbes on the surface of the eyes?

    <p>Lysozyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the highly acidic gastric fluid in the stomach?

    <p>Inhibit or kill microbes in the digestive tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical mediators in mucus inhibits microbial infection in the respiratory tract?

    <p>Lysozyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of urine in innate immunity?

    <p>Flush microbes out of the body during urination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a chemical mediator that is exogenously produced by resident microbes that degrade sebum?

    <p>Oleic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical mediators is found in saliva and mucus and inhibits or kills microbes?

    <p>Lysozyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical mediators inhibits microbial growth in the female reproductive system by lowering the pH in the vagina?

    <p>Lactate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical mediators exhibits antimicrobial properties due to the presence of fatty acids that lower the pH in the ears?

    <p>Oleic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical mediators is found in tears and eliminates microbes on the surface of the eyes?

    <p>Lysozyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nonspecific cell-derived mediators have broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties and can induce cell damage in microorganisms?

    <p>Antimicrobial peptides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following plasma protein mediators can act as an innate nonspecific defense and is composed of more than 30 proteins that become activated when stimulated by factors such as the presence of microorganisms?

    <p>Complement system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following lipid-based proinflammatory mediators produced from the metabolism of arachidonic acid are more potent and longer lasting than histamine?

    <p>Leukotrienes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical defenses of nonspecific innate immunity kill bacteria by attacking membranes or interfering with cell functions?

    <p>Antimicrobial peptides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of lactoperoxidase enzymes and lysozyme found in saliva and mucus?

    <p>To inhibit or kill microbes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the highly acidic gastric fluid in the stomach?

    <p>To inhibit or kill microbes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of urine in the urinary tract?

    <p>To flush microbes out of the body and inhibit microbial growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of surfactant in the respiratory tract?

    <p>To inhibit microbial infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical mediators creates a mildly acidic environment on the surface of the skin, inhibiting many pathogenic microbes?

    <p>Oleic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical mediators is NOT produced by the digestive tract?

    <p>Lactate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical mediators is used by the female reproductive system to inhibit microbial growth?

    <p>Lactate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical mediators exhibits antimicrobial properties due to the presence of fatty acids, which lower the pH to between 3 and 5 in the ears?

    <p>Cerumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical mediators found in tears is capable of eliminating microbes on the surface of the eyes?

    <p>Both Lysozyme and Lactoferrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nonspecific cell-derived mediators attacks bacteria by interfering with cell functions?

    <p>Defensins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following plasma protein mediators aids in trapping and killing bacteria?

    <p>Complement proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following lipid-based proinflammatory mediators is produced from the metabolism of arachidonic acid and promotes the inflammatory effects of kinins and histamines?

    <p>Prostaglandins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical defenses of nonspecific innate immunity kills bacteria by attacking membranes?

    <p>Defensins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of acute-phase proteins such as C-reactive protein and mannose-binding lectin?

    <p>Act as opsonins and activate complement cascades</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical mediators induces coughing, vomiting, and diarrhea?

    <p>Histamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical mediators alerts cells to viral infection and induces antiviral defenses in infected and nearby uninfected cells?

    <p>Interferons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an exogenously produced mediator that creates a mildly acidic environment on the surface of the skin, inhibiting many pathogenic microbes?

    <p>Oleic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical mediators is NOT produced by the digestive tract?

    <p>Lactate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following body fluids has a slightly acidic pH that inhibits the growth of many microbes and potential pathogens?

    <p>Urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical mediators is NOT found in tears?

    <p>Histamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of inflammation-eliciting mediators?

    <p>Inhibit microbial growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following plasma protein mediators can act as an opsonin and activate complement cascades?

    <p>Complement proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical mediators is NOT a lipid-based proinflammatory mediator produced from the metabolism of arachidonic acid?

    <p>Histamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical defenses of nonspecific innate immunity kills bacteria by attacking membranes or interfering with cell functions?

    <p>Antimicrobial peptides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cytokines stimulates the production of acute-phase proteins, which act as opsonins and activate complement cascades?

    <p>Interleukin-6 (IL-6)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical mediators is NOT found in sebum?

    <p>Paneth cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of acute-phase proteins?

    <p>Kill bacteria by attacking membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical mediators is exogenously produced by resident microbes that degrade sebum?

    <p>Oleic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical mediators creates a mildly acidic environment on the surface of the skin, inhibiting many pathogenic microbes?

    <p>Oleic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical mediators is NOT produced by the digestive tract?

    <p>Lactate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical mediators is found in tears and capable of eliminating microbes on the surface of the eyes?

    <p>Both Lysozyme and Lactoferrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical mediators is NOT involved in the nonspecific innate immune response?

    <p>Antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical mediators is responsible for inhibiting microbial growth in the female reproductive system?

    <p>Lactate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical mediators is responsible for creating a mildly acidic environment in the ears, inhibiting microbial growth?

    <p>Cerumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical mediators is responsible for contributing to edema by binding to receptors on cells in the capillary walls and causing them to dilate and become more permeable to fluids?

    <p>Bradykinin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical mediators is responsible for inducing antiviral defenses in infected and nearby uninfected cells?

    <p>Type II interferon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical mediators is responsible for promoting the inflammatory effects of kinins and histamines and can also help to set the body temperature higher, leading to fever?

    <p>Prostaglandins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical mediators is responsible for alerting cells to viral infection and inducing apoptosis of virus-infected cells?

    <p>Type II interferon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical mediators is NOT found in the respiratory tract?

    <p>Lactate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical mediators is responsible for inhibiting microbial growth in urine and flushing microbes out of the body during urination?

    <p>Urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical mediators creates a mildly acidic environment on the surface of the skin, inhibiting many pathogenic microbes?

    <p>Oleic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical mediators is NOT produced by the digestive tract?

    <p>Lactate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical mediators is responsible for inhibiting microbial growth in the female reproductive system?

    <p>Lactate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical mediators exhibits antimicrobial properties due to the presence of fatty acids that lower the pH in the ears?

    <p>Cerumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical mediators in tears eliminates microbes on the surface of the eyes?

    <p>Lysozyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nonspecific cell-derived mediators have broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties and can kill bacteria by attacking membranes or interfering with cell functions?

    <p>Antimicrobial peptides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following plasma protein mediators can act as an innate nonspecific defense while also serving to connect innate and adaptive immunity?

    <p>Complement proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following lipid-based proinflammatory mediators produced from the metabolism of arachidonic acid are more potent and longer lasting than histamine?

    <p>Leukotrienes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical defenses of nonspecific innate immunity kill bacteria by attacking membranes or interfering with cell functions?

    <p>Lysozyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of lactoperoxidase enzymes and lysozyme found in saliva and mucus?

    <p>Kill bacteria by attacking membranes or interfering with cell functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the highly acidic gastric fluid in the stomach?

    <p>Inhibit microbial growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of urine in the urinary tract?

    <p>Flushes microbes out of the body during urination</p> Signup and view all the answers

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