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Questions and Answers
Which term refers to the solubility product constant?
What is the value of Kcat affected by when there are fewer H ions present?
Which decay process involves the emission of an alpha particle?
What is the relationship between Q and Keq for reactions that move towards equilibrium?
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Which material effectively blocks gamma radiation?
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In the formula for Gibbs Free Energy Change, what does 'T' represent?
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What does the atomic weight represent?
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Which process is associated with Exergonic reactions?
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What is the characteristic range for C=O stretching in the IR spectrum?
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Which process refers to the removal of carboxyl groups and the release of CO2?
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In the IR spectrum, which range is associated with the Alkyne C-H stretch?
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Which region in the IR spectrum is known as the Fingerprint region?
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What does Reduction refer to?
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Which term refers to the process of converting a trans isomer to a cis isomer?
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What type of change is associated with Dehydration?
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'Heat of Fusion' refers to the transition from which phase to which phase?
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Which type of isomers differ by rotation around a carbon-carbon single bond?
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In which direction does current move in an electrolytic cell?
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What happens at the cathode in an electrochemical cell?
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Which cells spontaneously undergo oxidation-reduction reactions to produce electrical energy?
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What is the formula for calculating cell potential (E cell) in an electrochemical cell?
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What is the definition of half-life?
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Which type of cells use an energy source to drive a chemical reaction between the electrodes?
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Which technique separates components in a mixture based on their polarity?
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In Gram staining, which color is associated with Gram-positive bacteria?
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What is the purpose of radiolabeling with S-35?
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Which technique separates molecules based on their boiling points?
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Which type of reaction is characterized by a gain of free energy and a positive change in enthalpy and negative change in entropy?
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Which of the following statements about Lewis acids is true?
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What type of reaction requires the presence of two carbonyl groups?
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Which technique separates compounds based on their charge?
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What is the relationship between the 2nd ionization energy of elements in Group 1 compared to elements in Group 2?
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What do Alkali Metals (Group 1) form when they react with water?
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Hydrolysis is a spontaneous reaction that involves:
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Enamine Formation involves the addition of which compound to a carbonyl group?
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In which type of reaction do products have lower free energy than reactants, leading to a negative change in free energy?
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What is the key characteristic of Optical Isomers (Enantiomers) that distinguishes them?
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What is the main difference between Geometric Isomers (Cis/Trans) in a molecule?
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'Low Km = high affinity between E and S' refers to which parameter in enzyme kinetics?
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Which theory states that emotions and responses happen simultaneously?
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What does neuroticism refer to?
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Which social theory focuses on defining what is real based on social actors?
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What does educational stratification lead to?
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What does social facilitation refer to?
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What is the process by which individuals become members of a group and learn its standards?
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'Social disorganization theory' suggests that crime and deviance are likely to occur in communities with:
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'Racialization' refers to the process where one group assigns a racial identity to another group. In this context, which term refers to the dominant group?
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What is the primary difference between Type 1 error and Type 2 error?
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According to General Adaption Syndrome, what characterizes the Resistance stage?
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Which theory suggests that all memories fade over time?
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What does the Self-Efficacy concept refer to?
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According to Strain Theory, why do people experience tension?
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What is the defining characteristic of Flashbulb memory?
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'Role Ambiguity' occurs when:
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'Self-Esteem' can be defined as:
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What is the role of GABA in the brain?
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What enzyme is responsible for metabolizing serotonin first?
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Which imaging technique captures neural activity in the brain?
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What effect does inhibiting L-aromatic amino acid carboxylase have on serotonin production?
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Which neurotransmitter plays a key role in self-determination and psychological growth?
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What is the primary function of PET scans in neuroscience?
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What happens if tryptophan-5-hydroxylase is inhibited in serotonin production?
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How does a negative correlation PET scan differ from an EEG?
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Why is balancing aided by keeping eyes open, despite the vestibular sense being required for balance?
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Which personality trait is characterized by being organized and hard-working?
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What is the main concept behind self-serving bias?
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Which process involves persuading someone to do something using force or threats?
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What defines neuroticism as a personality trait?
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What does open-mindedness and willingness to try new things describe?
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In what scenario does self-verification play a key role?
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What stage of Erikson's psychosocial development theory occurs during the age range of 18 months to 3 years?
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Which cognitive development stage, according to Piaget, is characterized by symbolic thinking and egocentrism?
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In the context of cognitive processing, what does 'bottom-up processing' involve?
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What psychological concept refers to the tendency to believe that good actions are rewarded and bad actions are punished?
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'Motion parallax' is a depth perception cue, but it is NOT relevant to which activity?
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'Life course perspective on health behavior' focuses on the impact of early life events on later health outcomes. Which age range is most relevant in this perspective?
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'Iron Law of Oligarchy' describes the tendency of organizations to be dominated by a small group of people. Which stage of life according to Erikson's theory is associated with this tendency?
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What is the consequence of a deficiency in ADH?
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Which condition is characterized by low levels of aldosterone?
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What is a characteristic of the Parasympathetic Nervous System?
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What is a characteristic of the Somatic Nervous System?
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What happens in the body during hyponatremia?
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Which condition is associated with low potassium levels?
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'Enteric NS' is responsible for the involuntary control of which bodily function?
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Which receptors are sensitive to light and found in the eye's retina?
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What type of junctions strengthen cell-to-cell connections by binding adjacent cells' cytoskeletons?
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Which body fluid regulation is associated with the secretion of ADH?
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What do Gap junctions allow for rapid exchange of between cells?
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Which scans reveal information about metabolic activity?
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What is the primary function of Mechanoreceptors?
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Which ion-dependent transmembrane glycoproteins mediate cell-cell adhesion by binding to cadherins?
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Which skin cells are involved in the sense of touch and are found in the epidermis?
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What is the role of Erythropoietin (EPO) in the body?
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What is the primary function of Parathyroid Hormone?
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Which hormone directly increases testosterone production?
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What is the function of Calcitonin in the body?
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What is the function of hemidesmosomes in cells?
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Which reflex involves the spreading of a baby's toes and lifting of its big toe when the baby's sole is stimulated?
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Which enzyme is responsible for binding two DNA fragments together by phosphodiester bonds?
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What do dendritic cells specialize in?
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What is the main role of primase in DNA replication?
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What is the purpose of topoisomerase in DNA replication?
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What is the primary function of ribosomes in a cell?
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Where does the PCO2 levels tend to be higher?
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What is the main function of arterioles?
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What is the role of the renal artery?
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Which blood vessel carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium?
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What is the main characteristic of veins compared to arteries?
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Which vessels carry blood away from the heart?
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What is the main function of capillaries in the circulatory system?
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According to Bernoulli's Continuity Equation, what happens to the water velocity flow when the volume is constant?
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In Archimedes' Principle, what happens when the buoyant force on an object exceeds the weight of the object?
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What does Bernoulli's Equation predict to happen to pressure when the velocity increases?
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What is the function of the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics?
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In Thermodynamics, what does the 2nd Law state about the entropy of an isolated system?
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What does the 1st Law of Thermodynamics dictate about energy in an isolated system?
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According to Bernoulli's Equation, what happens to fluid flow in ideal conditions?
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"Which law of Thermodynamics describes energy conservation"
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In the context of capacitors, what happens to the electric field between two plates when a dielectric material is added?
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When a charged capacitor has its battery disconnected from the circuit, what happens to the voltage across the capacitor?
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What happens to the frequency of sound waves as they decrease?
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What is the formula for calculating kinetic energy?
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What is Ohm's Law in terms of the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance?
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What does the dot product of two vectors always result in?
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What happens to the frequency of radio waves as their frequency increases?
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In the context of ideal gases, what happens to the volume occupied by one mole as temperature increases?
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Which of the following membrane components is responsible for generating an immune response?
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What is the primary mechanism by which phospholipids move within a single leaflet of the cell membrane?
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Which membrane protein is responsible for moving phospholipids from the inner to the outer leaflet of the cell membrane in an ATP-dependent manner?
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Which type of receptor is responsible for detecting harmful stimuli, such as high temperature, sharp objects, and tissue damage?
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What is the primary function of Aquaporins in the cell membrane?
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What is the typical charge of the cell's resting membrane potential?
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Which type of receptor is responsible for detecting changes in blood pressure?
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Which type of receptor is responsible for the sense of taste?
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What is the primary role of the oval window in the middle ear?
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Which of the following best describes the function of the tectorial membrane in the inner ear?
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What is the primary difference between the vestibular nerve and the cochlear nerve?
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How do smooth muscle cells differ from skeletal muscle cells?
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What is the primary function of calcium ions (Ca2+) in muscle contraction?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of the dichotic listening task?
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What is the primary role of the pinna (visible part of the outer ear)?
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Which of the following best describes the function of the organ of Corti within the cochlea?
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What kind of genetic changes are largely carried out through methylation and deacetylation?
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What process favors traits that increase an organism's chances of attracting a mate and reproducing?
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What type of selection involves females mating with males based on desirable appearances despite these traits not being inherently beneficial?
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Which evolution process involves distantly related organisms independently evolving similar traits to adapt to similar needs?
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What do exocrine glands release substances through onto body surfaces?
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What occurs when the presence of 2 alleles for a gene results in a blended phenotype?
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Which reversible genetic changes do not alter the DNA sequence?
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What is the process whereby organisms evolve similar traits independently to adapt to similar needs?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of a positive feedback loop in biological systems?
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What is the relationship between the resting membrane potential and the opening of voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels?
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What is the significance of the 'all-or-none' phenomenon in the generation of action potentials?
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How do myelin sheaths affect the propagation of action potentials along a neuron?
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What is the effect of increased expression of NMDA receptors in the hippocampus?
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What is the role of phosphodiesterase in the cAMP signaling pathway?
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What is the purpose of temporal summation in the context of neuronal impulse transmission?
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What is the primary function of spatial summation in neuronal impulse transmission?
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What is the main function of Goblet cells in the respiratory tract?
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Which type of mutation involves the flipping of a chromosomal segment?
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What is the role of Myelin Sheath around axons?
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What is the primary function of Dendrites in a neuron?
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What process allows Action Potentials to travel quickly through axons?
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What is a characteristic of Beneficial mutations according to natural selection?
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Which statement best describes Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?
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What is the function of Pneumocytes II in the lungs?
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Study Notes
Spectroscopy
- IR spectroscopy: measures absorbance of light at various wavelengths
- N-H stretch: 3300 cm^-1
- Alkyne C-H stretch: 3200-3400 cm^-1
- O-H stretch: 2850-3100 cm^-1
- C-H stretch: <3000 cm^-1
- C triple bond N: 2100-2260 cm^-1
- C=O: 1650-1800 cm^-1
- Fingerprint region: 500-1000 cm^-1
Organic Chemistry
- Isomerization: change from trans to cis
- Hydrolysis: addition of water to break bonds, adding OH group
- Dehydration: removal of water, creating a bond
- Decarboxylation: removal of carboxyl group, releasing CO2
- Reduction: addition of electrons, decreasing oxidation number
- Carboxylation: addition of CO2 to create a carboxyl group
Enzymes
- Inhibitors: decrease enzyme activity
- Km: substrate concentration at which enzyme is half-saturated
- Vmax: maximum reaction rate
- Uncompetitive inhibitors: bind to both enzyme and enzyme-substrate complex
- Noncompetitive inhibitors: bind to enzyme, but not substrate
- Mixed inhibitors: bind to enzyme and substrate, with unequal affinity
Cell Biology
- Mitosis: nuclear division, resulting in two identical daughter cells
- Meiosis: reduction division, resulting in four non-identical daughter cells
- Cell signaling: communication between cells through signals
- Gap junctions: allow for direct cell-to-cell communication
- Desmosomes: strengthen cell-cell connections
- Cadherins: Ca2+ dependent transmembrane glycoproteins, mediating cell-cell adhesion
Genetics
- Crossing over: exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes
- Independent assortment: random combination of alleles during gamete formation
- Genetic diversity: increased by crossing over, independent assortment, and random fertilization
Hormones
- Parathyroid hormone: increases blood Ca2+ levels
- Calcitonin: decreases blood Ca2+ levels
- Erythropoietin (EPO): stimulates RBC production in the bone marrow
- Oxytocin: stimulates milk ejection and uterine contractions
- Prolactin: stimulates milk production
Other
- Radiolabeling: using radioactive isotopes to track biological processes
- Ion-exchange chromatography: separates molecules based on charge
- Gel filtration chromatography: separates molecules based on size
- Electrophoresis: separates molecules based on charge and size### Cell Biology
- Tight junctions: prevent leakage of small molecules and ions between adjacent epithelial cells, prevent paracellular transport
- Hemidesmosomes: attach cells to the extracellular matrix
- Ribosomes: 60S (large) and 40S (small), 80S (eukaryotic) and 70S (prokaryotic)
- Ligases: bind two DNA fragments by phosphodiester bonds
- Primase: makes an RNA primer to match a fragment of DNA at the beginning of DNA replication
- Helicase: separates the parent DNA double helix at the replication fork
- Topoisomerase: relieves the overwinding of DNA strands ahead of the DNA replication fork by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands
Reflexes
- Babinski reflex: spreading of a baby's toes and lifting of the big toe when the baby's sole is stimulated
- Rooting reflex: baby's head movement towards an object that stimulates the mouth and cheeks
- Palmar grasp reflex: grasping response that occurs when a baby's palm is stimulated
- Moro reflex: exhibited by startled babies, characterized by extension and drawing in of the baby's arms and legs, throwing back of the head, and loud crying
Immunity
- Adaptive immunity: involves dendritic cells, immature B cells, and Langerhans cells
- Dendritic cells: specialized immune cells in the skin and mucous membranes
Cardiovascular System
- Pulmonary veins: undergo gas exchange in the lungs, resulting in the removal of CO2 and addition of O2 to the blood, carry O2 from the lungs to the left atrium
- Pulmonary artery: carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs for oxygenation
- Lowest blood pressure: found in the pulmonary artery
- Carotid artery: carries oxygenated blood from the aorta to the head and neck
- Renal artery: carries oxygenated blood from the aorta to the kidneys
Respiratory System
- Inhalation: diaphragm contracts, increasing force, and Bernoulli's continuity equation states that volume flow rate stays the same
- Bernoulli's equation: if velocity increases, pressure must decrease
- P1 + 1/2pv^2 + pgh: equation for ideal fluids
Thermodynamics
- Zeroth law: explains that two systems are also in thermal equilibrium with one another if they are each in thermal equilibrium with a third system
- First law: energy cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system, change in U = Q - W
- Second law: total entropy of an isolated system cannot decrease over time
- Third law: as a system approaches absolute zero, its entropy will approach a constant
Physics
- Capacitance: C = Q/V, amount of charge stored per voltage
- Ohm's law: V = IR
- Power: P = mgh/t
- Work: W = Fd, work is done by = positive work, work is done on = negative work
- Ideal gas: 22.4 L/mol, heat capacity C = mc = q/ΔT
- Capacitors: C = C1 + C2 (in parallel), 1/C = 1/C1 + 1/C2 (in series)
- Electric field: E = V - IR/L, measure of a capacitor's ability to store charge
- Dielectric: addition of dielectric decreases the effective electric field between the two plates, increasing capacitance
- Vectors: product of two vectors may be either a scalar or vector, depending on the exact operation
- Scalars: product of two scalars will always be a scalar
Biology
- Epigenetics: reversible genetic changes that do not alter the DNA sequence, changes are largely carried out through methylation and deacetylation, causing decrease or increase in transcription of a gene
- Incomplete dominance: occurs when the presence of two alleles for a gene results in a blended phenotype
- Co-dominance: white and black fur
- Convergent evolution: the process whereby distantly related organisms independently evolve similar traits to adapt to similar needs
- Sexual selection: favors traits that increase an organism's chances of attracting a mate and reproducing
- Kin selection: focuses on the role of genetic relatedness in the evolution of social behaviors
- Sulfolipids: play a role in photosynthesis and are only present in membranes of plants
- Vertical diffusion: movement of molecules from one leaflet to another in a cell membrane, less common
- Lateral diffusion: movement of molecules within a single leaflet of a lipid bilayer of a cell membrane, energetically favorable, does not require energy
- Flippases and floppases: move phospholipids in only a single direction, ATP-dependent
- Scramblases: ATP-independent, move phospholipids from the inner leaflet of a cell membrane to the outer leaflet of the membrane, while moving phospholipids from the outer to inner leaflet
Neuroscience
- Auditory transduction: the process in which the ear converts sound waves into electrical impulses that the brain can interpret
- Auditory canal: part of the outer ear, helps amplify sound
- Rhythm detection: occurs in the auditory cortex
- Vestibular system: contributes to balance and orientation, involves the vestibular nerve and cochlear nerve
- Inner ear: saccule, utricle, semi-circular canals, basilar membrane, and tectorial membrane
- Sound waves: move the outer ear, causing the tympanic membrane to vibrate, transmitting vibrations to the ossicles, which ultimately lead to the perception of sound
Muscle Physiology
- Smooth muscle: lines the walls of most blood vessels, spindle-shaped cells, centrally located nucleus, non-striated, uninucleate
- Skeletal muscle: striated, multi-nucleated
- Cardiac muscle: striated, uninucleated
- Function of Ca2+: binds to troponin, causing tropomyosin to exit the myosin binding site of actin, increasing muscle contraction
- Decrease in Ca2+ transport: directly into the blood, has high level of specificity
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Description
Test your knowledge of important terms related to chemical kinetics and equilibrium such as Kcat, rate constant K, Ksp, reaction quotient (Q), and Keq. Understand the significance of each term in determining the reaction rate and equilibrium state.