Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium Terms Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which term refers to the solubility product constant?

Kcat

Keq

Ksp (correct)

What is the value of Kcat affected by when there are fewer H ions present?

Irrelevant to H ions

Decreasing

Constant

Increasing (correct)

Which decay process involves the emission of an alpha particle?

Gamma decay

Beta+ decay

Alpha decay (correct)

Beta- decay

What is the relationship between Q and Keq for reactions that move towards equilibrium?

Q=Keq Signup and view all the answers

Which material effectively blocks gamma radiation?

Lead Signup and view all the answers

In the formula for Gibbs Free Energy Change, what does 'T' represent?

Temperature Signup and view all the answers

What does the atomic weight represent?

Mass of an element Signup and view all the answers

Which process is associated with Exergonic reactions?

Exothermic Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic range for C=O stretching in the IR spectrum?

1650-1800 cm-1 Signup and view all the answers

Which process refers to the removal of carboxyl groups and the release of CO2?

Decarboxylation Signup and view all the answers

In the IR spectrum, which range is associated with the Alkyne C-H stretch?

2100-2260 cm-1 Signup and view all the answers

Which region in the IR spectrum is known as the Fingerprint region?

500-1000 cm-1 Signup and view all the answers

What does Reduction refer to?

Addition of electrons and decrease in oxidation number Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the process of converting a trans isomer to a cis isomer?

Isomerization Signup and view all the answers

What type of change is associated with Dehydration?

Removal of water with bond creation Signup and view all the answers

'Heat of Fusion' refers to the transition from which phase to which phase?

Solid to liquid Signup and view all the answers

Which type of isomers differ by rotation around a carbon-carbon single bond?

Conformational Isomers Signup and view all the answers

In which direction does current move in an electrolytic cell?

From right to left Signup and view all the answers

What happens at the cathode in an electrochemical cell?

Undergoes reduction Signup and view all the answers

Which cells spontaneously undergo oxidation-reduction reactions to produce electrical energy?

Galvanic Cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for calculating cell potential (E cell) in an electrochemical cell?

$E_{cell} = E_{cathode} + E_{anode}$ Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of half-life?

Time it takes for all radioactive nuclei to decay into daughter nuclei Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells use an energy source to drive a chemical reaction between the electrodes?

Electrolytic Cells Signup and view all the answers

Which technique separates components in a mixture based on their polarity?

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) Signup and view all the answers

In Gram staining, which color is associated with Gram-positive bacteria?

Red Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of radiolabeling with S-35?

To measure amino acids containing sulfur Signup and view all the answers

Which technique separates molecules based on their boiling points?

Gas-Liquid Chromatography Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reaction is characterized by a gain of free energy and a positive change in enthalpy and negative change in entropy?

Endergonic Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Lewis acids is true?

Lewis acids accept electrons Signup and view all the answers

What type of reaction requires the presence of two carbonyl groups?

Aldol Condensation Signup and view all the answers

Which technique separates compounds based on their charge?

Ion-exchange chromatography Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the 2nd ionization energy of elements in Group 1 compared to elements in Group 2?

2nd IE is higher in Group 1 than Group 2 Signup and view all the answers

What do Alkali Metals (Group 1) form when they react with water?

Metal hydroxide Signup and view all the answers

Hydrolysis is a spontaneous reaction that involves:

Addition of water to break peptide bonds Signup and view all the answers

Enamine Formation involves the addition of which compound to a carbonyl group?

Second amine Signup and view all the answers

In which type of reaction do products have lower free energy than reactants, leading to a negative change in free energy?

Exergonic Signup and view all the answers

What is the key characteristic of Optical Isomers (Enantiomers) that distinguishes them?

Difference in spatial arrangement of groups around a double bond Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between Geometric Isomers (Cis/Trans) in a molecule?

Difference in orientation around a C-C double bond Signup and view all the answers

'Low Km = high affinity between E and S' refers to which parameter in enzyme kinetics?

[S] concentration Signup and view all the answers

Which theory states that emotions and responses happen simultaneously?

Cannon-Bard Theory Signup and view all the answers

What does neuroticism refer to?

Tendency towards negative emotions or emotional instability Signup and view all the answers

Which social theory focuses on defining what is real based on social actors?

Social constructionism Signup and view all the answers

What does educational stratification lead to?

Produce inequality in educational access Signup and view all the answers

What does social facilitation refer to?

Performing better with others around Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which individuals become members of a group and learn its standards?

Agent of Socialization Signup and view all the answers

'Social disorganization theory' suggests that crime and deviance are likely to occur in communities with:

'Weak social ties and control' Signup and view all the answers

'Racialization' refers to the process where one group assigns a racial identity to another group. In this context, which term refers to the dominant group?

'Primary Group' Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between Type 1 error and Type 2 error?

Type 1 error leads to false positives, while Type 2 error leads to false negatives. Signup and view all the answers

According to General Adaption Syndrome, what characterizes the Resistance stage?

Increased resistance to stress, with hyper-adrenal function. Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that all memories fade over time?

Trace Decay Theory Signup and view all the answers

What does the Self-Efficacy concept refer to?

One's belief in their ability to succeed in a given situation. Signup and view all the answers

According to Strain Theory, why do people experience tension?

Due to a mismatch between goals and available means. Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining characteristic of Flashbulb memory?

Highly detailed and long-lasting memories. Signup and view all the answers

'Role Ambiguity' occurs when:

There is a lack of clarity associated with role responsibilities. Signup and view all the answers

'Self-Esteem' can be defined as:

How one thinks about themselves. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of GABA in the brain?

Regulates mood and appetite Signup and view all the answers

What enzyme is responsible for metabolizing serotonin first?

Monoamine oxidase Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging technique captures neural activity in the brain?

EEG Signup and view all the answers

What effect does inhibiting L-aromatic amino acid carboxylase have on serotonin production?

Decreases serotonin production Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter plays a key role in self-determination and psychological growth?

Serotonin Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of PET scans in neuroscience?

Measure neural activity Signup and view all the answers

What happens if tryptophan-5-hydroxylase is inhibited in serotonin production?

Decreases serotonin production Signup and view all the answers

How does a negative correlation PET scan differ from an EEG?

Captures neural activity directly Signup and view all the answers

Why is balancing aided by keeping eyes open, despite the vestibular sense being required for balance?

Sensory interaction allows vision to influence the vestibular sense. Signup and view all the answers

Which personality trait is characterized by being organized and hard-working?

Conscientiousness Signup and view all the answers

What is the main concept behind self-serving bias?

Seeing oneself positively to boost self-esteem Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves persuading someone to do something using force or threats?

Coercion Signup and view all the answers

What defines neuroticism as a personality trait?

Being nervous, worried, and emotionally unstable Signup and view all the answers

What does open-mindedness and willingness to try new things describe?

Openness Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario does self-verification play a key role?

Seeking out information consistent with one's self-concept Signup and view all the answers

What stage of Erikson's psychosocial development theory occurs during the age range of 18 months to 3 years?

Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive development stage, according to Piaget, is characterized by symbolic thinking and egocentrism?

Preoperational Signup and view all the answers

In the context of cognitive processing, what does 'bottom-up processing' involve?

Individual element to the whole Signup and view all the answers

What psychological concept refers to the tendency to believe that good actions are rewarded and bad actions are punished?

Just-World Hypothesis Signup and view all the answers

'Motion parallax' is a depth perception cue, but it is NOT relevant to which activity?

Balancing on one foot Signup and view all the answers

'Life course perspective on health behavior' focuses on the impact of early life events on later health outcomes. Which age range is most relevant in this perspective?

0-2 years Signup and view all the answers

'Iron Law of Oligarchy' describes the tendency of organizations to be dominated by a small group of people. Which stage of life according to Erikson's theory is associated with this tendency?

Generativity vs. Stagnation Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of a deficiency in ADH?

Excessive thirst Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by low levels of aldosterone?

Hypovolemia Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the Parasympathetic Nervous System?

Synapse close to the effector organ Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the Somatic Nervous System?

Associated with voluntary control of body movements through stimulation of skeletal muscle Signup and view all the answers

What happens in the body during hyponatremia?

Blood sodium levels are too low Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is associated with low potassium levels?

Hypokalemia Signup and view all the answers

'Enteric NS' is responsible for the involuntary control of which bodily function?

Gastrointestinal functioning Signup and view all the answers

Which receptors are sensitive to light and found in the eye's retina?

Photoreceptors Signup and view all the answers

What type of junctions strengthen cell-to-cell connections by binding adjacent cells' cytoskeletons?

Desmosomes Signup and view all the answers

Which body fluid regulation is associated with the secretion of ADH?

Thirst regulation Signup and view all the answers

What do Gap junctions allow for rapid exchange of between cells?

Oxygen Signup and view all the answers

Which scans reveal information about metabolic activity?

PET scans Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Mechanoreceptors?

Sense mechanical forces and pressure changes Signup and view all the answers

Which ion-dependent transmembrane glycoproteins mediate cell-cell adhesion by binding to cadherins?

Cadherins Signup and view all the answers

Which skin cells are involved in the sense of touch and are found in the epidermis?

Merkel cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Erythropoietin (EPO) in the body?

Stimulates RBC production in bone marrow Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Parathyroid Hormone?

Increase blood Ca2+ levels Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone directly increases testosterone production?

LH Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Calcitonin in the body?

Decreases blood Ca2+ levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of hemidesmosomes in cells?

Attach cells to the extracellular matrix Signup and view all the answers

Which reflex involves the spreading of a baby's toes and lifting of its big toe when the baby's sole is stimulated?

Babinski reflex Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for binding two DNA fragments together by phosphodiester bonds?

Ligases Signup and view all the answers

What do dendritic cells specialize in?

Immune response in the skin and mucous membranes Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of primase in DNA replication?

Produce an RNA primer for DNA replication Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of topoisomerase in DNA replication?

Relieve overwinding of DNA strands Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ribosomes in a cell?

Synthesizing proteins Signup and view all the answers

Where does the PCO2 levels tend to be higher?

Veins Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of arterioles?

To regulate blood flow and pressure by dilating and constricting Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the renal artery?

Carry oxygenated blood from the aorta to the kidneys Signup and view all the answers

Which blood vessel carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium?

Pulmonary vein Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of veins compared to arteries?

Thinner walls and lower pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which vessels carry blood away from the heart?

Arteries Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of capillaries in the circulatory system?

Allow exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between blood and tissues Signup and view all the answers

According to Bernoulli's Continuity Equation, what happens to the water velocity flow when the volume is constant?

It remains the same Signup and view all the answers

In Archimedes' Principle, what happens when the buoyant force on an object exceeds the weight of the object?

The object will float Signup and view all the answers

What does Bernoulli's Equation predict to happen to pressure when the velocity increases?

Pressure decreases Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics?

Establishes thermal equilibrium relations Signup and view all the answers

In Thermodynamics, what does the 2nd Law state about the entropy of an isolated system?

Entropies increase Signup and view all the answers

What does the 1st Law of Thermodynamics dictate about energy in an isolated system?

Energy remains constant in change Signup and view all the answers

According to Bernoulli's Equation, what happens to fluid flow in ideal conditions?

"Fluid must remain the same volume" Signup and view all the answers

"Which law of Thermodynamics describes energy conservation"

"1st Law" Signup and view all the answers

In the context of capacitors, what happens to the electric field between two plates when a dielectric material is added?

It decreases Signup and view all the answers

When a charged capacitor has its battery disconnected from the circuit, what happens to the voltage across the capacitor?

It decreases Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the frequency of sound waves as they decrease?

Their velocity decreases Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for calculating kinetic energy?

$KE = \frac{1}{2}mv^2$ Signup and view all the answers

What is Ohm's Law in terms of the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance?

$V = IR$ Signup and view all the answers

What does the dot product of two vectors always result in?

A scalar Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the frequency of radio waves as their frequency increases?

Their wavelength decreases Signup and view all the answers

In the context of ideal gases, what happens to the volume occupied by one mole as temperature increases?

It increases Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following membrane components is responsible for generating an immune response?

Glycolipids Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which phospholipids move within a single leaflet of the cell membrane?

Lateral diffusion Signup and view all the answers

Which membrane protein is responsible for moving phospholipids from the inner to the outer leaflet of the cell membrane in an ATP-dependent manner?

Floppase Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptor is responsible for detecting harmful stimuli, such as high temperature, sharp objects, and tissue damage?

Nociceptors Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Aquaporins in the cell membrane?

To allow water to move passively across the membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical charge of the cell's resting membrane potential?

Negative Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptor is responsible for detecting changes in blood pressure?

Baroreceptors Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptor is responsible for the sense of taste?

Gustatory chemoreceptors Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the oval window in the middle ear?

It allows vibrations to travel from the auditory ossicles to the inner ear. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of the tectorial membrane in the inner ear?

It transduces sound waves into electrical impulses. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the vestibular nerve and the cochlear nerve?

The vestibular nerve contributes to balance and orientation, while the cochlear nerve plays a role in hearing. Signup and view all the answers

How do smooth muscle cells differ from skeletal muscle cells?

Smooth muscle cells are involuntary, while skeletal muscle cells are voluntary. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of calcium ions (Ca2+) in muscle contraction?

Ca2+ binds to troponin, causing tropomyosin to expose the myosin binding sites on actin. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the dichotic listening task?

It tests the individual's ability to focus on one sound source while ignoring another. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the pinna (visible part of the outer ear)?

It helps amplify sound waves entering the auditory canal. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of the organ of Corti within the cochlea?

It contains the hair cells that convert sound waves into electrical impulses. Signup and view all the answers

What kind of genetic changes are largely carried out through methylation and deacetylation?

Epigenetics Signup and view all the answers

What process favors traits that increase an organism's chances of attracting a mate and reproducing?

Sexual selection Signup and view all the answers

What type of selection involves females mating with males based on desirable appearances despite these traits not being inherently beneficial?

Fisherman selection Signup and view all the answers

Which evolution process involves distantly related organisms independently evolving similar traits to adapt to similar needs?

Convergent evolution Signup and view all the answers

What do exocrine glands release substances through onto body surfaces?

Ducts Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when the presence of 2 alleles for a gene results in a blended phenotype?

Incomplete dominance Signup and view all the answers

Which reversible genetic changes do not alter the DNA sequence?

Epigenetics Signup and view all the answers

What is the process whereby organisms evolve similar traits independently to adapt to similar needs?

Convergent evolution Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of a positive feedback loop in biological systems?

It encourages deviation from the mean value Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the resting membrane potential and the opening of voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels?

At the resting membrane potential of -70mV, voltage-gated sodium channels are closed and voltage-gated potassium channels are open Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the 'all-or-none' phenomenon in the generation of action potentials?

Suprathreshold stimuli of different magnitudes will produce action potentials of the same magnitude Signup and view all the answers

How do myelin sheaths affect the propagation of action potentials along a neuron?

Myelin sheaths allow the action potential to take on a saltatory conduction Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of increased expression of NMDA receptors in the hippocampus?

It increases the likelihood of action potential formation and neuronal excitability Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of phosphodiesterase in the cAMP signaling pathway?

Phosphodiesterase catalyzes the cleavage of cAMP to AMP, restoring the baseline level of cAMP Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of temporal summation in the context of neuronal impulse transmission?

Temporal summation allows for the additive effects of impulses received at the same location on a neuron over time Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of spatial summation in neuronal impulse transmission?

Spatial summation allows for the integration of impulses received at different locations on a neuron Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of Goblet cells in the respiratory tract?

Produce mucus Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mutation involves the flipping of a chromosomal segment?

Inversion Mutation Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Myelin Sheath around axons?

Prevent signals loss by insulation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Dendrites in a neuron?

Receive action potentials from other neurons Signup and view all the answers

What process allows Action Potentials to travel quickly through axons?

Nodes of Ranvier formation Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of Beneficial mutations according to natural selection?

They accumulate over time in species Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?

Genotype frequencies remain constant in evolving populations Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Pneumocytes II in the lungs?

Produce surfactant Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Spectroscopy

IR spectroscopy: measures absorbance of light at various wavelengths
N-H stretch: 3300 cm^-1
Alkyne C-H stretch: 3200-3400 cm^-1
O-H stretch: 2850-3100 cm^-1
C-H stretch: <3000 cm^-1
C triple bond N: 2100-2260 cm^-1
C=O: 1650-1800 cm^-1
Fingerprint region: 500-1000 cm^-1

Organic Chemistry

Isomerization: change from trans to cis
Hydrolysis: addition of water to break bonds, adding OH group
Dehydration: removal of water, creating a bond
Decarboxylation: removal of carboxyl group, releasing CO2
Reduction: addition of electrons, decreasing oxidation number
Carboxylation: addition of CO2 to create a carboxyl group

Enzymes

Inhibitors: decrease enzyme activity
Km: substrate concentration at which enzyme is half-saturated
Vmax: maximum reaction rate
Uncompetitive inhibitors: bind to both enzyme and enzyme-substrate complex
Noncompetitive inhibitors: bind to enzyme, but not substrate
Mixed inhibitors: bind to enzyme and substrate, with unequal affinity

Cell Biology

Mitosis: nuclear division, resulting in two identical daughter cells
Meiosis: reduction division, resulting in four non-identical daughter cells
Cell signaling: communication between cells through signals
Gap junctions: allow for direct cell-to-cell communication
Desmosomes: strengthen cell-cell connections
Cadherins: Ca2+ dependent transmembrane glycoproteins, mediating cell-cell adhesion

Genetics

Crossing over: exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes
Independent assortment: random combination of alleles during gamete formation
Genetic diversity: increased by crossing over, independent assortment, and random fertilization

Hormones

Parathyroid hormone: increases blood Ca2+ levels
Calcitonin: decreases blood Ca2+ levels
Erythropoietin (EPO): stimulates RBC production in the bone marrow
Oxytocin: stimulates milk ejection and uterine contractions
Prolactin: stimulates milk production

Other

Radiolabeling: using radioactive isotopes to track biological processes
Ion-exchange chromatography: separates molecules based on charge
Gel filtration chromatography: separates molecules based on size
Electrophoresis: separates molecules based on charge and size### Cell Biology
Tight junctions: prevent leakage of small molecules and ions between adjacent epithelial cells, prevent paracellular transport
Hemidesmosomes: attach cells to the extracellular matrix
Ribosomes: 60S (large) and 40S (small), 80S (eukaryotic) and 70S (prokaryotic)
Ligases: bind two DNA fragments by phosphodiester bonds
Primase: makes an RNA primer to match a fragment of DNA at the beginning of DNA replication
Helicase: separates the parent DNA double helix at the replication fork
Topoisomerase: relieves the overwinding of DNA strands ahead of the DNA replication fork by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands

Reflexes

Babinski reflex: spreading of a baby's toes and lifting of the big toe when the baby's sole is stimulated
Rooting reflex: baby's head movement towards an object that stimulates the mouth and cheeks
Palmar grasp reflex: grasping response that occurs when a baby's palm is stimulated
Moro reflex: exhibited by startled babies, characterized by extension and drawing in of the baby's arms and legs, throwing back of the head, and loud crying

Immunity

Adaptive immunity: involves dendritic cells, immature B cells, and Langerhans cells
Dendritic cells: specialized immune cells in the skin and mucous membranes

Cardiovascular System

Pulmonary veins: undergo gas exchange in the lungs, resulting in the removal of CO2 and addition of O2 to the blood, carry O2 from the lungs to the left atrium
Pulmonary artery: carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs for oxygenation
Lowest blood pressure: found in the pulmonary artery
Carotid artery: carries oxygenated blood from the aorta to the head and neck
Renal artery: carries oxygenated blood from the aorta to the kidneys

Respiratory System

Inhalation: diaphragm contracts, increasing force, and Bernoulli's continuity equation states that volume flow rate stays the same
Bernoulli's equation: if velocity increases, pressure must decrease
P1 + 1/2pv^2 + pgh: equation for ideal fluids

Thermodynamics

Zeroth law: explains that two systems are also in thermal equilibrium with one another if they are each in thermal equilibrium with a third system
First law: energy cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system, change in U = Q - W
Second law: total entropy of an isolated system cannot decrease over time
Third law: as a system approaches absolute zero, its entropy will approach a constant

Physics

Capacitance: C = Q/V, amount of charge stored per voltage
Ohm's law: V = IR
Power: P = mgh/t
Work: W = Fd, work is done by = positive work, work is done on = negative work
Ideal gas: 22.4 L/mol, heat capacity C = mc = q/ΔT
Capacitors: C = C1 + C2 (in parallel), 1/C = 1/C1 + 1/C2 (in series)
Electric field: E = V - IR/L, measure of a capacitor's ability to store charge
Dielectric: addition of dielectric decreases the effective electric field between the two plates, increasing capacitance
Vectors: product of two vectors may be either a scalar or vector, depending on the exact operation
Scalars: product of two scalars will always be a scalar

Biology

Epigenetics: reversible genetic changes that do not alter the DNA sequence, changes are largely carried out through methylation and deacetylation, causing decrease or increase in transcription of a gene
Incomplete dominance: occurs when the presence of two alleles for a gene results in a blended phenotype
Co-dominance: white and black fur
Convergent evolution: the process whereby distantly related organisms independently evolve similar traits to adapt to similar needs
Sexual selection: favors traits that increase an organism's chances of attracting a mate and reproducing
Kin selection: focuses on the role of genetic relatedness in the evolution of social behaviors
Sulfolipids: play a role in photosynthesis and are only present in membranes of plants
Vertical diffusion: movement of molecules from one leaflet to another in a cell membrane, less common
Lateral diffusion: movement of molecules within a single leaflet of a lipid bilayer of a cell membrane, energetically favorable, does not require energy
Flippases and floppases: move phospholipids in only a single direction, ATP-dependent
Scramblases: ATP-independent, move phospholipids from the inner leaflet of a cell membrane to the outer leaflet of the membrane, while moving phospholipids from the outer to inner leaflet

Neuroscience

Auditory transduction: the process in which the ear converts sound waves into electrical impulses that the brain can interpret
Auditory canal: part of the outer ear, helps amplify sound
Rhythm detection: occurs in the auditory cortex
Vestibular system: contributes to balance and orientation, involves the vestibular nerve and cochlear nerve
Inner ear: saccule, utricle, semi-circular canals, basilar membrane, and tectorial membrane
Sound waves: move the outer ear, causing the tympanic membrane to vibrate, transmitting vibrations to the ossicles, which ultimately lead to the perception of sound

Muscle Physiology

Smooth muscle: lines the walls of most blood vessels, spindle-shaped cells, centrally located nucleus, non-striated, uninucleate
Skeletal muscle: striated, multi-nucleated
Cardiac muscle: striated, uninucleated
Function of Ca2+: binds to troponin, causing tropomyosin to exit the myosin binding site of actin, increasing muscle contraction
Decrease in Ca2+ transport: directly into the blood, has high level of specificity

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Test your knowledge of important terms related to chemical kinetics and equilibrium such as Kcat, rate constant K, Ksp, reaction quotient (Q), and Keq. Understand the significance of each term in determining the reaction rate and equilibrium state.