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Questions and Answers
Increasing the surface area of solid reactants decreases the rate of reaction.
Increasing the surface area of solid reactants decreases the rate of reaction.
False (B)
A catalyst is a substance that speeds up a reaction without being consumed in the process.
A catalyst is a substance that speeds up a reaction without being consumed in the process.
True (A)
In a closed system, a reaction at equilibrium will continue to proceed in the forward direction only.
In a closed system, a reaction at equilibrium will continue to proceed in the forward direction only.
False (B)
According to Le Chatelier's principle, increasing the pressure of a system at equilibrium will favor the reaction that produces more moles of gas.
According to Le Chatelier's principle, increasing the pressure of a system at equilibrium will favor the reaction that produces more moles of gas.
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Alkanes are unsaturated hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n+2.
Alkanes are unsaturated hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n+2.
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The boiling points of alkanes decrease as the number of carbon atoms in the chain decreases.
The boiling points of alkanes decrease as the number of carbon atoms in the chain decreases.
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Alcohols can be oxidized to form aldehydes with a -COOH functional group.
Alcohols can be oxidized to form aldehydes with a -COOH functional group.
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Addition polymerization involves the joining of monomers with triple bonds.
Addition polymerization involves the joining of monomers with triple bonds.
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The Haber process is used to synthesize ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen gas, requiring a low pressure and a high temperature.
The Haber process is used to synthesize ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen gas, requiring a low pressure and a high temperature.
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Water treatment processes include filtration, sterilization, desalination, and wastewater treatment but not the removal of harmful chemicals.
Water treatment processes include filtration, sterilization, desalination, and wastewater treatment but not the removal of harmful chemicals.
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The retention factor (RF) in chromatography is a measure of how far a substance travels in relation to the solvent front.
The retention factor (RF) in chromatography is a measure of how far a substance travels in relation to the solvent front.
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A burning splint test is commonly used to test for the presence of oxygen.
A burning splint test is commonly used to test for the presence of oxygen.
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Ceramics are made from clay and are examples of thermosetting plastics.
Ceramics are made from clay and are examples of thermosetting plastics.
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The composition of the Earth's atmosphere has remained constant over time.
The composition of the Earth's atmosphere has remained constant over time.
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Nitrogen oxides contribute to acid rain but do not cause breathing problems.
Nitrogen oxides contribute to acid rain but do not cause breathing problems.
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Alloys are mixtures of metals created to improve their properties, but they are weaker than the metals they are made of.
Alloys are mixtures of metals created to improve their properties, but they are weaker than the metals they are made of.
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Study Notes
Rate of Reaction
- Rate of reaction is the change in a quantity of reactant or product divided by time.
- The rate of a reaction can be measured by:
- Measuring the decrease in mass or volume of reactant over time.
- Measuring the increase in mass or volume of product over time.
- The rate of reaction can be increased by:
- Increasing the concentration of reactants in solution.
- Increasing the pressure of gas reactants.
- Increasing the surface area of solid reactants.
- Increasing the temperature.
- Adding a catalyst.
Reversible Reactions
- In a closed system, both the forward and reverse reactions occur continuously.
- Eventually, the rates of the forward and reverse reactions become equal, and the system reaches equilibrium.
- Le Chatelier's principle states that if a change is applied to a system at equilibrium, the system will shift to counteract the change.
- Increasing the pressure of the system will favor the reaction that produces fewer moles of gas.
- Decreasing the pressure of the system will favor the reaction that produces more moles of gas.
- Increasing the concentration of reactants will favor the forward reaction.
- Decreasing the concentration of reactants will favor the reverse reaction.
- Increasing the temperature will favor the endothermic reaction.
- Decreasing the temperature will favor the exothermic reaction.
Organic Chemistry
- Organic compounds contain carbon atoms.
- Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons, mainly alkanes.
- Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n+2.
- The names of alkanes end in -ane.
- Alkanes are separated from crude oil through fractional distillation.
- Longer alkanes have higher boiling points due to stronger intermolecular forces.
- Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons with a carbon-carbon double bond.
- The names of alkenes end in -ene.
- Cracking is the process of breaking down larger alkanes into smaller alkanes and alkenes.
- Cracking can be done through catalytic cracking (550°C with a zeolite catalyst) or steam cracking (800°C).
Alcohols
- Alcohols are organic compounds with an -OH functional group.
- Alcohols can be oxidized to form carboxylic acids with a -COOH functional group.
Polymers
- Polymers are long chains of repeating units called monomers.
- Addition polymerization involves the joining of monomers with double bonds.
- Condensation polymerization involves the joining of monomers with two functional groups, releasing a small molecule like water.
- Examples of condensation polymers include polyesters and proteins.
Chemical Analysis
- Chromatography is a technique used to separate substances in a mixture.
- The retention factor (RF) is a measure of how far a substance travels in relation to the solvent front.
- Common chemical tests include:
- Testing for hydrogen with a burning splint.
- Testing for oxygen with a glowing splint.
- Testing for carbon dioxide with limewater.
- Testing for chlorine gas with damp blue litmus paper.
- Flame tests to identify metals.
- Adding sodium hydroxide to solutions to form precipitates.
- Adding silver nitrate to solutions to test for halide ions.
- Adding barium chloride to solutions to test for sulfate ions.
Atmospheric Chemistry
- The composition of the Earth's atmosphere has evolved over time.
- The greenhouse effect is the warming of the Earth due to the absorption of long-wavelength radiation by gases like carbon dioxide and methane.
- Atmospheric pollutants include:
- Carbon monoxide, which binds to red blood cells and reduces oxygen transport.
- Sulfur dioxide, which contributes to acid rain.
- Nitrogen oxides, which can cause breathing problems.
- Particulate matter, microscopic particles, often released by incomplete combustion.
Using Resources
- Sustainability is meeting the needs of the present without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs.
- Potable water is safe to drink.
- Water treatment processes include:
- Filtration to remove large particles.
- Sterilization to kill microbes.
- Desalination to remove salt from seawater.
- Wastewater treatment to remove organic matter, microbes, and harmful chemicals.
- Metals are extracted from ores through processes like electrolysis and displacement reactions.
- Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a framework used to evaluate the environmental impact of a product throughout its life cycle.
- Corrosion is the gradual destruction of materials by chemical reactions.
- Alloys are mixtures of metals made to improve their properties.
- Glass is a material made by heating sand, sodium carbonate, and limestone.
- Ceramics are made from clay.
- Composites are materials made from two or more materials, like carbon fiber.
- Thermoplastics can be melted and re-shaped, while thermosetting plastics cannot.
The Haber Process
- The Haber process is used to synthesize ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen gas.
- The process requires a high pressure, a moderate temperature, and a catalyst.
- Ammonia is used to make fertilizers.
- Fertilizers contain nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK).
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Description
This quiz explores the concepts of rate of reaction and reversible reactions, including methods to measure reaction rates and the principles governing equilibrium states. Understand how factors like concentration, pressure, and temperature influence reaction dynamics. Enhance your knowledge with key examples and applications.
