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Questions and Answers
Which method of sterilization involves high temperatures for effective results?
Which method of sterilization involves high temperatures for effective results?
- Incineration (correct)
- Chemical sterilization
- Filtration
- Ultraviolet radiation
What is the primary reason for adhering to laboratory safety rules?
What is the primary reason for adhering to laboratory safety rules?
- To prevent personal injury and accidents (correct)
- To enhance the accuracy of laboratory results
- To increase productivity in laboratory tasks
- To shorten the duration of experiments
What specific temperature and duration is recommended for sterilization using an oven?
What specific temperature and duration is recommended for sterilization using an oven?
- 80-90 C for 1 hour
- 200-220 C for 30 minutes
- 100-110 C for 3 hours
- 160-180 C for 1.5 to 2 hours (correct)
Which of the following is a widely used method for treating infectious waste?
Which of the following is a widely used method for treating infectious waste?
What characteristic makes filtration the method of choice for certain laboratory substances?
What characteristic makes filtration the method of choice for certain laboratory substances?
What is one example of a portal of entry for infectious agents?
What is one example of a portal of entry for infectious agents?
Why should acid always be added to water when mixing chemicals?
Why should acid always be added to water when mixing chemicals?
Which of the following is NOT considered a susceptible host?
Which of the following is NOT considered a susceptible host?
What type of label should hazardous chemicals have?
What type of label should hazardous chemicals have?
When should an emergency shower and eye wash station be used?
When should an emergency shower and eye wash station be used?
Which of the following statements about biological waste disposal is accurate?
Which of the following statements about biological waste disposal is accurate?
In the context of chemical handling, what should be avoided?
In the context of chemical handling, what should be avoided?
Which of the following describes a radioactive hazard?
Which of the following describes a radioactive hazard?
What is the correct procedure when mixing an acid with another liquid?
What is the correct procedure when mixing an acid with another liquid?
What does the compressed gas symbol indicate?
What does the compressed gas symbol indicate?
Which section of a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) would typically include emergency contact phone numbers?
Which section of a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) would typically include emergency contact phone numbers?
What is one of the main purposes of the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard?
What is one of the main purposes of the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard?
According to the content, what must all hazardous chemicals have?
According to the content, what must all hazardous chemicals have?
Which aspect is NOT typically included in the Physical Data section of an MSDS?
Which aspect is NOT typically included in the Physical Data section of an MSDS?
What should be understood about the flammability of a chemical according to the description?
What should be understood about the flammability of a chemical according to the description?
What type of information would you typically find in Section 4 of an MSDS?
What type of information would you typically find in Section 4 of an MSDS?
What is the highest risk level on the NFPA 704 scale for health hazards?
What is the highest risk level on the NFPA 704 scale for health hazards?
Which symbol represents a corrosive substance according to the chemical hazard symbols?
Which symbol represents a corrosive substance according to the chemical hazard symbols?
What should you never do when storing chemicals?
What should you never do when storing chemicals?
When cleaning up a chemical spill, what is essential to use?
When cleaning up a chemical spill, what is essential to use?
Why is it dangerous to add water to acid?
Why is it dangerous to add water to acid?
What is a common characteristic of agents classified as carcinogens?
What is a common characteristic of agents classified as carcinogens?
Which of the following is NOT a recommended general rule for chemical safety?
Which of the following is NOT a recommended general rule for chemical safety?
Which agent is primarily associated with causing sensitization?
Which agent is primarily associated with causing sensitization?
What is the role of Bacillus stearothermophilus in quality control?
What is the role of Bacillus stearothermophilus in quality control?
Which method kills vegetative cells and relies on a multi-day process?
Which method kills vegetative cells and relies on a multi-day process?
What temperature and duration are used in the flash pasteurization method?
What temperature and duration are used in the flash pasteurization method?
What is one of the common methods of cold sterilization?
What is one of the common methods of cold sterilization?
Which disinfection method uses non-ionizing radiation?
Which disinfection method uses non-ionizing radiation?
During the doffing of PPE, what is the recommended step after removing gloves?
During the doffing of PPE, what is the recommended step after removing gloves?
Which method of disinfection is NOT a physical method?
Which method of disinfection is NOT a physical method?
Which of the following does cold sterilization primarily involve?
Which of the following does cold sterilization primarily involve?
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Study Notes
Portal of Entry
- Infectious agents can enter through multiple portals, including mucous membranes of the nose, mouth, and eyes.
- Open wounds and breaks in the skin are additional points of entry for pathogens.
Susceptible Host
- Susceptible hosts include patients during invasive procedures, visitors, and healthcare personnel exposed to infectious specimens or needle stick injuries.
- Once the chain of infection completes, the infected host can transmit microorganisms to new individuals.
Chemical Handling
- Always add acid to water to prevent splashing due to heat generation during chemical reactions.
- Use goggles and fume hoods when preparing reagents.
- Mouth pipetting is strictly prohibited.
Chemical Labelling
- Hazardous chemicals must be clearly labeled with their specific risks, such as poisonous, corrosive, flammable, explosive, teratogenic, or carcinogenic.
Radioactive Hazard
- Clinical laboratories may encounter radiation from procedures using radioisotopes.
- When mixing hazardous materials, the rule is to add acid to the liquid, not the other way around.
Biological Waste Disposal
- All biological waste, except urine, must be disposed of properly to minimize infection risks.
OSHA Hazard Communication Standards
- The Hazard Communication Standard (HazCom) mandates evaluation of chemicals for health hazards and labeling for employee safety.
- All hazardous chemicals must have labels and Safety Data Sheets (SDS) detailing health and safety information.
Quality Control
- Bacillus stearothermophilus is used to test autoclaves for effectiveness; if the bacterium is killed after 15 minutes, the autoclave is functioning correctly.
- Peracetic acid is utilized for cold sterilization of surgical equipment.
Methods of Disinfection
- Various physical methods include:
- Tyndallization: flowing steam at 100°C for 30 minutes over three days.
- Boiling: at 100°C for 15 minutes to kill vegetative cells.
- Pasteurization: kills milk-borne pathogens using two methods (batch and flash).
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Management
- Proper doffing of PPE is critical:
- Remove gloves and perform hand hygiene.
- Take off hair caps, goggles, and masks in order, ensuring hand hygiene after each removal.
Laboratory Safety Importance
- Adhering to safety protocols ensures the protection of students and workers from potential hazards in clinical laboratories.
Sterilization vs. Disinfection
- Sterilization eliminates all microorganisms, while disinfection reduces the number of pathogenic organisms.
- Filtration is a common method used for heat-sensitive materials.
Health Hazard Symbols
- The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 704 standard provides a diamond-shaped symbol that communicates hazards related to health, flammability, and reactivity.
- Each hazard is rated from 0 to 4 based on severity.
General Rules for Chemical Safety
- Always wear appropriate protective clothing when handling chemicals and use proper cleanup materials for spills.
- Chemicals should not be stored above eye level, in unlabeled containers, or mixed indiscriminately to prevent reactions.
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