Chemical Formulas and Atomic Models Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the chemical formula for water?

H2O

What is the chemical formula for glucose?

C6H12O6

What is the chemical formula for hydrogen peroxide?

H2O2

What is the chemical formula for ammonia?

<p>NH3</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical formula for methane?

<p>CH4</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the group of elements that includes lithium, sodium, and potassium?

<p>Alkali Metals</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the group of elements that includes beryllium, magnesium, and calcium?

<p>Alkaline Earth Metals</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the group of elements that includes iron, cobalt, and nickel?

<p>Transition Metals</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the group of elements that includes fluorine, chlorine, and bromine?

<p>Halogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the group of elements that includes helium, neon, and argon?

<p>Noble Gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the vertical columns on the periodic table called?

<p>Groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the horizontal rows on the periodic table called?

<p>Periods</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'aqueous' mean?

<p>Very soluble</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'solid' mean in terms of solubility?

<p>Slightly soluble</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Periodic Law?

<p>When the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, there is a periodic repetition of their physical and chemical properties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the general characteristics of acids?

<p>Acids contain hydrogen, are made of non-metals, and can be ionic or molecular.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of elements are located on the staircase of the periodic table?

<p>Mettaloids</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are properties of ionic compounds?

<p>Hard, dissolves in water, high melting point, conducts electricity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are properties of molecular compounds?

<p>Soft, low melting point, doesn't conduct electricity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Dalton's main contribution to the understanding of atoms?

<p>Atoms combine in fixed ratios, different properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Rutherford's main contribution to the understanding of atoms?

<p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Bohr's main contribution to the understanding of atoms?

<p>Electrons in orbit, planetary model</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Schrodinger's main contribution to the understanding of atoms?

<p>Electron cloud, quantum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'magnification' mean in microscopy?

<p>enlargement of an object</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'FOV' mean in microscopy?

<p>How much of the sample you can see based on distance units</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cell wall in a plant cell?

<p>Holds shape of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cell membrane in a cell?

<p>Provides protection and regulates what enters the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the nucleus in a cell?

<p>Contains cell's hereditary materials and controls cell's activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cytoplasm in a cell?

<p>Holds internal organs of the cell in place</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum in a cell?

<p>Produces proteins for the cell to function</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the ribosome in a cell?

<p>Site of protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the mitochondrion in a cell?

<p>Generates most of the chemical energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the vacuole in a cell?

<p>Responsible for storage within the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the chloroplast in a plant cell?

<p>Site of photosynthesis, converts light energy to chemical energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?

<p>Processes and packages proteins and lipid molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the centrioles in a cell?

<p>Cell division, spindle fibres, duplicated chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cytoskeleton in a cell?

<p>Cell's skeletal system</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is diffusion?

<p>Passive transport, particles move from an area of high to low concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is osmosis?

<p>Passive transport, diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of channel proteins in cell membranes?

<p>Hydrophilic channel that allows passage of molecules from one side of cell membrane to the other</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is endocytosis?

<p>Molecules enter the cell by merging with the plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was the first person to suggest that the atom was made of smaller parts?

<p>J.J. Thomson</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are cathode rays?

<p>Beams of electrons (Thomson)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Rutherford's key proposal about the structure of atoms?

<p>All atoms have a dense nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the atomic number of an element?

<p>The number of protons in an atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does an atom become an ion?

<p>When an atom loses or gains electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do metals become positive ions?

<p>Metals are cations, cats are losers, therefore become PAWsitive</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do non-metals become negative ions?

<p>Anions gain electrons (-) to become negatively charged</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is conduction?

<p>Transfer of thermal energy through direct contact, usually between the particles of a substance, usually occurs in solids</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is solar energy?

<p>Radiant energy transmitted as electromagnetic radiation (EMR) waves at different wavelengths.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is insolation?

<p>The quantity of solar energy received by a area of land</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the angle of inclination?

<p>Angle of inclination refers to the degree that the Earth's poles are tilted against the Earth's orbit. Earth has an angle of inclination of 23.5°</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do atmospheric dust and cloud cover play in Earth's energy balance?

<p>Clouds and atmospheric dust are found in the troposphere. The amount of clouds and atmospheric dust varies. Clouds and atmospheric dust reflect some solar radiation. They also absorb energy emitted from the surface of the Earth which helps to warm the planet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the angle of incidence?

<p>Angle of incidence is the angle between a ray falling from the surface and the line that is perpendicular to that surface. As you get closer to the poles the angle of incidence increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is albedo?

<p>The albedo of a surface is the percent of solar radiation that it reflects. Light coloured, shiny surfaces such as snow, reflect more solar energy than darker, duller surfaces such as forests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is atmospheric pressure?

<p>the pressure exerted by the mass of air above any point on Earth's surface. Warm air is less dense and exerts less pressure than cool air.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Coriolis Effect?

<p>The Coriolis effect is the deflection of any object from a straight line path by the rotation of Earth. This causes the moving wind to turn right in the Northern Hemisphere and left in the Southern Hemisphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are jet streams?

<p>a band of fast moving air in the stratosphere. changes in the jet streams affect the formation of severe weather events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an open system in thermodynamics?

<p>exchanges matter and energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an isolated system in thermodynamics?

<p>Cannot exchange either matter or energy THUS total mass &amp; energy in the system is constant</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the First Law of Thermodynamics?

<p>Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another or transferred from one object to another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is force?

<p>A push or pull measured in Newtons (N)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is positive work?

<p>Done when displacement and the applied force act in the same directions, energy is added to the object, or the force acts to increase the object's speed</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Second Law of Thermodynamics?

<p>No energy transfer can ever be 100% efficient</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Newton's 1st Law of Motion?

<p>An object in motion stays in motion and an object at rest stays at rest unless acted on by an unbalanced force.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are scalar quantities?

<p>Have magnitude only (e.g. distance, speed, work)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is gravitational force?

<p>the force of attraction between two bodies depending on their masses and distance (aka weight).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is normal force?

<p>the resistant reaction of a surface to a force by another body in contact, always perpendicular to the surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is tension force?

<p>the force when an object is pulled by a rope, handle or string</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is applied force?

<p>the generic name for a force that is resulting from any pushing or pulling on another object through contact.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

H2O

The chemical formula for the element water.

C6H12O6

The chemical formula for glucose, a simple sugar.

O3

The chemical formula for ozone, a form of oxygen.

H2O2

The chemical formula for hydrogen peroxide, a disinfectant.

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NH3

The chemical formula for ammonia, a gas with a strong odor.

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C12H22O11

The chemical formula for sucrose, a table sugar.

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CH4

The chemical formula for methane, the main component of natural gas.

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C3H8

The chemical formula for propane, a fuel often used in gas grills.

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CH3OH

The chemical formula for methanol, a type of alcohol used in some fuels.

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C2H5OH

The chemical formula for ethanol, the type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages.

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H2S

The chemical formula for Hydrogen Sulphide, a gas with a rotten-egg smell.

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Dalton (Billiard Ball)

Atoms combine in fixed ratios to form compounds. The atoms varied in size, mass, and color.

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Thomson (Plum Pudding)

Thomson discovered the electron using cathode rays. The negatively charged electrons are scattered in a positive charge.

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Rutherford (Nuclear)

Atoms have a nucleus with a positive charge. Electrons orbit the nucleus. An atom is mostly empty space.

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Bohr (Planetary)

Electrons orbit the nucleus in fixed energy levels or shells, and can jump between levels by absorbing or releasing energy.

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Schrodinger (Quantum)

Electrons exist in probability clouds (orbitals) rather than fixed orbits.

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Alkali Metals (Group 1)

The first vertical group on the periodic table. They are the most reactive metals.

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Alkaline Earth Metals (Group 2)

The second vertical group on the periodic table.

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Transition Metals

The middle block of the periodic table, they have a variety of properties.

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Halogens (Group 17)

The seventh vertical group on the periodic table. They are very reactive non-metals.

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Noble Gases (Group 18)

The last vertical group on the periodic table, referred to as the 'inert gases' because they are colorless, odorless, and unreactive.

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Groups (shows valence electrons)

The vertical columns on the periodic table. They represent elements with similar properties and the same number of valence electrons.

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Periods (shows orbits)

The horizontal rows on the periodic table. They represent elements with the same number of electron shells.

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Aqueous

A substance that dissolves easily in water.

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Solid

A substance that only dissolves a little bit in water.

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Periodic Law

A law stating that the properties of elements repeat periodically when arranged according to their atomic number.

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Acids

Compounds that contain hydrogen, made of non-metals and can be ionic or molecular.

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Bases

Compounds that contain a hydroxide ion, made of metals, and are ionic.

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Mettaloids

Elements that have properties of both metals and nonmetals. Found bordering the staircase line.

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Properties of ionic compounds

They are hard, dissolve in water, have high melting points and conduct electricity.

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Properties of molecular compounds

They are soft, have low melting points and do not conduct electricity.

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Dalton

Atoms combine in fixed ratios to form compounds.

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Thomson

He discovered the electron using cathode rays.

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Rutherford

He theorized that atoms have a dense nucleus containing protons and neutrons.

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Bohr

His model describes electrons orbiting the nucleus in fixed energy levels.

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Schrodinger

He determined that electrons don't orbit in fixed paths, but instead exist as clouds of probability around the nucleus

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Magnification

The enlargement of an object.

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FOV

The area that you can see through a microscope, measured in distance units.

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Study Notes

Chemical Formulas and Names

  • H₂O: Water
  • C₆H₁₂O₆: Glucose
  • O₃: Ozone
  • H₂O₂: Hydrogen peroxide
  • NH₃: Ammonia
  • C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁: Sucrose
  • CH₄: Methane
  • C₃H₈: Propane
  • CH₃OH: Methanol
  • C₂H₅OH: Ethanol
  • H₂S: Hydrogen sulfide

Atomic Models

  • Dalton (Billiard Ball): Atoms are fixed ratios, varying in size, mass, and colour.
  • Thomson (Plum Pudding): Discovered electrons; negative charge scattered in a positive sphere.
  • Rutherford (Nuclear): Nucleus with positive charge; electrons orbit; mostly empty space.
  • Bohr (Planetary): Electrons orbit in fixed energy levels.
  • Schrödinger (Quantum): Electrons exist in probability clouds (orbitals).

Periodic Table

  • Groups (vertical): Indicate valence electrons.
  • Periods (horizontal): Show electron orbits.
  • Alkali Metals (Group 1): Most reactive.
  • Alkaline Earth Metals (Group 2): Reactive metals.
  • Transition Metals: Variable properties.
  • Halogens (Group 17): Reactive non-metals.
  • Noble Gases (Group 18): Least reactive.

States of Matter and Solubility

  • Aqueous: Highly soluble.
  • Solid: Slightly soluble.

Chemical Bonding and Properties

  • Ionic Compounds: Strong bonds, hard, dissolve in water, high melting point, and conductive.
  • Molecular Compounds: Weak bonds, soft, low melting point, non-conductive.
  • Properties of Acids: Contain hydrogen, non-metal-based, can be ionic or molecular.
  • Properties of Bases: Contain hydroxide, metal-based, always ionic.

Atomic Structure

  • Atomic Number: Number of protons in an atom.
  • Atomic Mass: Number of protons and neutrons.
  • How atoms become ions: Lose or gain electrons.
  • Metals as positive ions: Cations (lose electrons).
  • Non-metals as negative ions: Anions (gain electrons)

Cell Structures

  • Cell Wall: Maintains cell shape.
  • Cell Membrane: Controls entry/exit.
  • Nucleus: Contains hereditary material, controls activities.
  • Nuclear Membrane: Regulates nuclear contents.
  • Cytoplasm: Holds organelles in place.
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum: Protein production.
  • Ribosome: Site of protein synthesis.
  • Mitochondrion: Main energy producer.
  • Vacuole: Storage.
  • Lysosome: Breakdown of waste.
  • Chloroplast: Photosynthesis.
  • Nucleolus: Produces ribosomes.
  • Golgi Apparatus: Processes and packages molecules.
  • Centrioles: Involved in cell division.
  • Cytoskeleton: Cell's internal framework.

Transport Across Cell Membranes

  • Diffusion: Passive movement from high to low concentration.
  • Osmosis: Diffusion of water across a membrane.
  • Channel Proteins: Hydrophilic channels.
  • Carrier Proteins: Hydrophobic, change shape for transport.
  • Endocytosis: Molecules enter the cell.
  • Exocytosis: Molecules exit the cell.

Physics Concepts

  • Magnification: Enlargement of an object.
  • FOV (Field of View): Visible sample area.
  • Conduction: Thermal transfer through direct contact.
  • Convection: Thermal transfer through particle movement.
  • Radiation: Transfer of energy via waves or particles.
  • Solar Energy/Insolation: Energy from the sun received by an area.
  • Angle of Inclination: Earth's tilt in relation to its orbit.
  • Atmospheric Dust/Cloud Cover: Affect solar radiation reflection and absorption.
  • Angle of Incidence: Angle between a ray and the surface's perpendicular.
  • Albedo: Surface's reflectivity.
  • Atmospheric Pressure: Pressure from overlying air.
  • Wind: Movement of air due to pressure differences.
  • Coriolis Effect: Deflection of objects due to Earth's rotation.
  • Jet Streams: Fast-moving air bands.
  • Open, Closed, Isolated Systems: Matter and energy exchange within systems.
  • First Law of Thermodynamics: Energy conservation.
  • Force: Push or pull (N).
  • Work: Energy transfer (J).
  • Positive/Negative Work: Effects on object energy.
  • Second Law of Thermodynamics: No 100% energy transfer.
  • Newton's First Law: Inertia.
  • Newton's Second Law: Force = mass x acceleration.
  • Newton's Third Law: Action-reaction.
  • Scalar Quantities: Magnitude only.
  • Vector Quantities: Magnitude and direction.
  • Gravitational Force: Attraction between masses.
  • Normal Force: Perpendicular surface reaction.
  • Tension Force: Force in a taut rope/cord.
  • Friction Force: Force opposing motion.
  • Applied Force: Generic pushing/pulling force.

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