Chemical Bonds, Water, Acids, Bases and pH

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Questions and Answers

What are trace elements?

Trace elements are elements essential for life, but only in small quantities.

What determines the identity of an element?

The number of protons in an atom.

Which of the following determines the number of neutrons in an atom?

Isotope number
Mass number (correct)
Electron number
Atomic number

What are isotopes?

Isotopes are variants of a particular chemical element which differ in neutron number, and consequently in nucleon number. Signup and view all the answers

What makes an atom stable?

Having a full valence shell Signup and view all the answers

What is a polar covalent bond?

Unequal sharing of electrons between atoms (A) Signup and view all the answers

In a nonpolar covalent bond, electrons are shared equally between atoms.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

How is chemical equilibrium achieved?

Chemical equilibrium is achieved when the forward and reverse reaction rates are equal, resulting in no net change in reactant and product concentrations. Signup and view all the answers

What properties of water are due to hydrogen bonding?

Cohesion, surface tension, and adhesion. Signup and view all the answers

Why does water have a high specific heat?

Water has a high specific heat due to the energy required to break and form hydrogen bonds between water molecules. Signup and view all the answers

Why does ice float in liquid water?

Ice floats because it is less dense than liquid water. Signup and view all the answers

What are hydrophobic substances?

Water hating substances (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of buffer solutions?

Buffer solutions resist changes in pH by neutralizing added acids or bases. Signup and view all the answers

Rank the pH levels of the following substances from most acidic to most basic:

Stomach acid = Most acidic Urine = Middle Blood = Most basic Signup and view all the answers

How does water's high surface tension affect heat and temperature regulation?

Water's high surface tension influences heat and temperature regulation by affecting evaporation rates; it reduces evaporation, helping moderate temperature changes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference in specific heat between land and water?

Water has a higher specific heat than land. This causes land to heat up and cool down more quickly than water. Signup and view all the answers

How many covalent bonds can carbon typically form?

Carbon can typically form four covalent bonds. Signup and view all the answers

What is the valency of carbon?

4 Signup and view all the answers

What are enantiomers?

Enantiomers are stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other. Signup and view all the answers

What two functional groups are always present in amino acids?

Amino and carboxyl groups. Signup and view all the answers

Understand the interaction between water molecules and phospholipids.

Phospholipids have a hydrophilic (polar) head and hydrophobic (nonpolar) tail, which causes them to form bilayers in water, with heads facing outwards and tails facing inwards. Signup and view all the answers

What are saturated fats?

Saturated fats are lipids containing only single bonds between carbon atoms in their fatty acid chains, making them solid at room temperature. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of hydrogen in the synthesis of hardened fats from vegetable oil?

Hydrogenation is used to saturate the carbon-carbon double bonds, converting liquid oils into solid or semi-solid fats. Signup and view all the answers

What are important polysaccharides present in the fungal cells?

Chitin and glucans. Signup and view all the answers

What are the components that make up starch?

Amylose and amylopectin Signup and view all the answers

What is a monosaccharide?

A monosaccharide is the simplest form of sugar and a building block for more complex carbohydrates. Signup and view all the answers

Distinguish between aldose and ketose sugars.

Aldose sugars contain an aldehyde group, while ketose sugars contain a ketone group. Aldose sugars have a carbonyl group at the end of the carbon chain, while ketose sugars have a carbonyl group in the middle of the carbon chain. Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Trace Elements

Elements required in tiny amounts but are essential for life.

Atomic Number

The number of protons in an atom's nucleus.