Chemistry Bonds and Properties of Water

Bonds and Compounds:

• Ionic Bonds: Elements give or take electrons to form a strong bond.
• Hydrogen Bonds: A very weak bond that allows molecules to open/close.
• Covalent Bonds: Elements share valence electrons to form a strong bond.
• Peptide Bonds: Monomers in a protein share electrons to make a polymer.

pH

• Acids: pH 0 to 6.9.
• Bases: pH 7.1 to 14.
• Neutral: pH 7.

Water:

• Polar molecule: Atoms do not equally share electrons causing one side to have a positive charge and the other side to have a negative charge.
• Water mixes with: Polar substances, such as alcohol.
• Water will not mix with: Nonpolar substances, such as oil or benzene.
• Hydrogen bonding: Weak bonds formed between different water molecules.

Properties of Water

• Adhesion: An attraction between molecules of different substances.
• Cohesion: Attraction between molecules of the same substance.
• High Surface Tension: Uneven forces acting on particles on the surface of a liquid.
• Capillary Action: The combined force of attraction among water molecules and with the molecules of surrounding materials.
• High Specific Heat: The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius.

Organic Compounds

• Contain Carbon
• Carbon forms four chemical bonds with different atoms
• Carbon is the basic building block of life.

Inorganic Compounds

• Do not contain Carbon.

Macromolecules

• Polymers: Long chains of repeating monomers.
• Monomers: Smaller units that can bind together to form polymers.

Carbohydrates

• Monomers: Simple sugars (monosaccharides) like glucose.
• Polymers: Polysaccharides such as starch, cellulose, and glycogen.
• Functions: Short-term energy storage, structural support in plants.

Lipids

• Monomers: Fatty acids.
• Polymers: Triglycerides, waxes, steroids, fats, oils, phospholipids.
• **Functions: ** Long-term energy storage, cell membranes, insulation, protection of organs.

Proteins

• Monomers: Amino acids.
• Polymers: Polypeptides, enzymes, insulin, hemoglobin, hormones.
• Functions: Regulating chemical reactions, building body tissue.

Nucleic Acids

• Monomers: Nucleotides.
• Polymers: DNA, RNA.
• Functions: Carry the instructions for making proteins, hereditary information.

Enzymes

• Protein catalysts that speed up chemical reactions.
• Specific to a particular substrate due to the shape of their active site.
• Reduce activation energy.

Scientific Method:

• Identify the Problem
• Background Research
• Hypothesis
• Observations
• Experiment
• Conclusion
• Data: Data from an experiment, can be numerical values.
• Controls: Used to compare results, show the effect of the experimental treatment.
• Variables: Anything that can be changed in the experiment.
• Theory: A well-supported set of observations and explanations for natural events.

Explore the fundamentals of chemical bonds, including ionic, covalent, hydrogen, and peptide bonds. Additionally, understand the unique properties of water, its interactions with acids and bases, and the significance of pH levels. This quiz will test your knowledge on these essential chemistry concepts.