56 Questions
What is the breakdown of macromolecules to produce energy referred to as?
Catabolism
What is the primary function of ATP in the cell?
To provide energy for cellular functions
What type of bond joins the first phosphoryl group to the 5-carbon sugar ribose in ATP?
Phosphoester bond
What is the sequence of metabolic reactions referred to as?
Metabolic pathway
What is the primary function of glycolysis in the cell?
To break down glucose to produce energy
What is the term for the sum of all reactions in a cell?
Metabolism
What is the number of phosphoryl groups that can be attached to ATP?
One, two, or three
What is the term for the energy conversion strategy that oxidizes glucose?
Cellular energy conversion strategy
What is the molecule that is composed of a nitrogenous base, 5-carbon sugar, and one, two, or three phosphoryl groups?
ATP
What is the primary purpose of Stage I in catabolism?
To degrade food molecules into component subunits
What is the end product of glycolysis?
Pyruvate
What is the primary energy source readily used by the body?
Carbohydrates
What is the role of pancreatic amylase in Stage I of catabolism?
To break down polysaccharides into monosaccharides
What is the fate of pyruvate after it is formed in glycolysis?
It has one of several fates, including being converted to acetyl CoA
What is the purpose of bile salts in the digestion of fats?
To disperse fat globules
What is the role of Acetyl CoA in the citric acid cycle?
It carries acetyl groups, 2-carbon remnants of the nutrients
What is the process by which electrons and hydrogen atoms are harvested from Acetyl CoA?
The citric acid cycle
What is the primary function of glycolysis in cellular metabolism?
To extract energy from nutrients
Which of the following enzymes is NOT a site of allosteric control in glycolysis?
Phosphoglucose isomerase
What is the fate of pyruvate in the presence of oxygen in yeast?
Converted to acetaldyde and then to ethanol
What is the purpose of recycling NAD+ in glycolysis?
To prevent a decrease in oxidation reactions
What is the fate of pyruvate in the presence of oxygen in mammals?
Converted to CO2 + H2O
What is the first step in the conversion of pyruvate to CO2 + H2O in the presence of oxygen?
Pyruvate is transported to the mitochondria
What is the byproduct of the complete oxidation of pyruvate to CO2 + H2O?
ATP
In which condition is pyruvate converted to lactic acid in mammals?
Anaerobic conditions
What is the purpose of the citric acid cycle in the complete oxidation of pyruvate to CO2 + H2O?
To generate NADH and FADH2
What is the fate of pyruvate in the absence of oxygen in yeast?
Converted to acetaldyde and then to ethanol
What is the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA?
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
What is the primary function of catabolism in cellular metabolism?
Breaking down macromolecules to produce energy
What is the molecule that serves as the universal energy currency in cells?
ATP
What is the term for the sequence of metabolic reactions in a cell?
Pathway
What is the primary function of ATP in the cell?
Providing energy for cellular functions
What is the process of breaking down glucose to produce energy referred to as?
Glycolysis
What is the term for the sum of all reactions in a cell?
Metabolism
What is the energy conversion strategy that oxidizes glucose?
Cellular respiration
What is the bond that joins the first phosphoryl group to the 5-carbon sugar ribose in ATP?
Phosphoester bond
What is the breakdown of macromolecules to produce energy referred to as?
Catabolism
What is the primary source of energy that the body readily uses?
Carbohydrates
What is the purpose of Stage I in catabolism?
To degrade food molecules into component subunits
What is the result of the conversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate in glycolysis?
Pyruvate
What is the role of pancreatic amylase in the digestion of carbohydrates?
To break down polysaccharides into monosaccharides
What is the purpose of Stage 2 in catabolism?
To convert monomers into a form that can be completely oxidized
What is the fate of the acetyl group in the citric acid cycle?
It is oxidized to produce CO2
What is the role of serine proteases in the digestion of proteins?
To break down proteins into amino acids
What is the primary function of glycolysis in the cell?
To convert glucose into energy
What is the purpose of bile salts in the digestion of fats?
To disperse fat globules into fatty acids and glycerol
Which of the following enzymes does not exhibit a large decrease in free energy during glycolysis?
Lactate dehydrogenase
What is the primary reason for recycling NAD+ in glycolysis?
To prevent a decrease in oxidation reactions
What is the end product of pyruvate metabolism in yeast under anaerobic conditions?
Ethanol
Which of the following reactions is not a site of allosteric control in glycolysis?
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
What is the first step in the conversion of pyruvate to CO2 + H2O in the presence of oxygen?
Transportation to the mitochondria
What is the fate of pyruvate in the presence of oxygen in mammals?
Complete oxidation to CO2 + H2O
Which of the following is NOT a fate of pyruvate after glycolysis?
Conversion to ATP
What is the purpose of the three control points in glycolysis?
To regulate the flow of glucose through glycolysis
Where does the complete oxidation of pyruvate to CO2 + H2O take place?
Mitochondria
What is the fate of pyruvate in the absence of oxygen in mammals?
Conversion to lactic acid
Test your knowledge on glucose metabolism, catabolism, and anabolism, including the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Learn how cells convert energy from glucose and understand the role of ATP as the cellular energy currency.
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