CHEM311 Chapter 17: Glucose Metabolism and Citric Acid Cycle
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Questions and Answers

What is the breakdown of macromolecules to produce energy referred to as?

  • Anabolism
  • Metabolism
  • Catabolism (correct)
  • Glycolysis

What is the primary function of ATP in the cell?

  • To synthesize macromolecules
  • To store genetic information
  • To replicate DNA
  • To provide energy for cellular functions (correct)

What type of bond joins the first phosphoryl group to the 5-carbon sugar ribose in ATP?

  • Glycosidic bond
  • Peptide bond
  • Phosphoanhydride bond
  • Phosphoester bond (correct)

What is the sequence of metabolic reactions referred to as?

<p>Metabolic pathway (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of glycolysis in the cell?

<p>To break down glucose to produce energy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the sum of all reactions in a cell?

<p>Metabolism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the number of phosphoryl groups that can be attached to ATP?

<p>One, two, or three (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the energy conversion strategy that oxidizes glucose?

<p>Cellular energy conversion strategy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the molecule that is composed of a nitrogenous base, 5-carbon sugar, and one, two, or three phosphoryl groups?

<p>ATP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of Stage I in catabolism?

<p>To degrade food molecules into component subunits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the end product of glycolysis?

<p>Pyruvate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary energy source readily used by the body?

<p>Carbohydrates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of pancreatic amylase in Stage I of catabolism?

<p>To break down polysaccharides into monosaccharides (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fate of pyruvate after it is formed in glycolysis?

<p>It has one of several fates, including being converted to acetyl CoA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of bile salts in the digestion of fats?

<p>To disperse fat globules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Acetyl CoA in the citric acid cycle?

<p>It carries acetyl groups, 2-carbon remnants of the nutrients (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which electrons and hydrogen atoms are harvested from Acetyl CoA?

<p>The citric acid cycle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of glycolysis in cellular metabolism?

<p>To extract energy from nutrients (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following enzymes is NOT a site of allosteric control in glycolysis?

<p>Phosphoglucose isomerase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fate of pyruvate in the presence of oxygen in yeast?

<p>Converted to acetaldyde and then to ethanol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of recycling NAD+ in glycolysis?

<p>To prevent a decrease in oxidation reactions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fate of pyruvate in the presence of oxygen in mammals?

<p>Converted to CO2 + H2O (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the conversion of pyruvate to CO2 + H2O in the presence of oxygen?

<p>Pyruvate is transported to the mitochondria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the byproduct of the complete oxidation of pyruvate to CO2 + H2O?

<p>ATP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which condition is pyruvate converted to lactic acid in mammals?

<p>Anaerobic conditions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the citric acid cycle in the complete oxidation of pyruvate to CO2 + H2O?

<p>To generate NADH and FADH2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fate of pyruvate in the absence of oxygen in yeast?

<p>Converted to acetaldyde and then to ethanol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA?

<p>Pyruvate dehydrogenase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of catabolism in cellular metabolism?

<p>Breaking down macromolecules to produce energy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the molecule that serves as the universal energy currency in cells?

<p>ATP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the sequence of metabolic reactions in a cell?

<p>Pathway (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ATP in the cell?

<p>Providing energy for cellular functions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of breaking down glucose to produce energy referred to as?

<p>Glycolysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the sum of all reactions in a cell?

<p>Metabolism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the energy conversion strategy that oxidizes glucose?

<p>Cellular respiration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the bond that joins the first phosphoryl group to the 5-carbon sugar ribose in ATP?

<p>Phosphoester bond (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the breakdown of macromolecules to produce energy referred to as?

<p>Catabolism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of energy that the body readily uses?

<p>Carbohydrates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Stage I in catabolism?

<p>To degrade food molecules into component subunits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the conversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate in glycolysis?

<p>Pyruvate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of pancreatic amylase in the digestion of carbohydrates?

<p>To break down polysaccharides into monosaccharides (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Stage 2 in catabolism?

<p>To convert monomers into a form that can be completely oxidized (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fate of the acetyl group in the citric acid cycle?

<p>It is oxidized to produce CO2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of serine proteases in the digestion of proteins?

<p>To break down proteins into amino acids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of glycolysis in the cell?

<p>To convert glucose into energy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of bile salts in the digestion of fats?

<p>To disperse fat globules into fatty acids and glycerol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following enzymes does not exhibit a large decrease in free energy during glycolysis?

<p>Lactate dehydrogenase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for recycling NAD+ in glycolysis?

<p>To prevent a decrease in oxidation reactions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the end product of pyruvate metabolism in yeast under anaerobic conditions?

<p>Ethanol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reactions is not a site of allosteric control in glycolysis?

<p>Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the conversion of pyruvate to CO2 + H2O in the presence of oxygen?

<p>Transportation to the mitochondria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fate of pyruvate in the presence of oxygen in mammals?

<p>Complete oxidation to CO2 + H2O (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a fate of pyruvate after glycolysis?

<p>Conversion to ATP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the three control points in glycolysis?

<p>To regulate the flow of glucose through glycolysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the complete oxidation of pyruvate to CO2 + H2O take place?

<p>Mitochondria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fate of pyruvate in the absence of oxygen in mammals?

<p>Conversion to lactic acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Metabolism

The sum of all chemical reactions that occur in a living organism, including both energy-producing and energy-consuming reactions.

Catabolism

The process of breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy in the process.

Anabolism

The process of building up complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy input.

Glycolysis

The breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, generating ATP and reducing equivalents.

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Metabolic Pathway

A series of linked chemical reactions occurring within a cell that either produce energy or use energy to synthesize new molecules.

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ATP

The molecule that serves as the primary energy currency of cells, powering many cellular processes.

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Cellular Respiration

The process by which cells extract energy from nutrients, primarily glucose, to produce ATP.

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Stage I of Catabolism

The first stage of catabolism, where large food molecules are broken down into smaller subunits.

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Stage II of Catabolism

The second stage of catabolism, where monomers are converted into a form that can be completely oxidized.

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Stage III of Catabolism

The third stage of catabolism, where the final oxidation of molecules occurs, generating the maximum amount of ATP.

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Carbohydrate Digestion

The breakdown of carbohydrates, primarily starch and glycogen, into simple sugars, such as glucose.

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Protein Digestion

The breakdown of proteins into amino acids, using enzymes like pepsin and trypsin.

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Fat Digestion

The breakdown of fats into fatty acids and glycerol, aided by bile salts.

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Pyruvate Oxidation

The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, a key molecule in the citric acid cycle.

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Citric Acid Cycle

A cyclical series of reactions that oxidizes acetyl-CoA, generating ATP, NADH, and FADH2.

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Electron Transport Chain

The process by which electrons and hydrogen atoms are harvested from acetyl-CoA, generating NADH and FADH2.

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Oxidative Phosphorylation

The final stage of cellular respiration, where the energy from the electron transport chain is used to generate ATP.

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Anaerobic Fermentation

The process of converting pyruvate to lactate in the absence of oxygen.

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Yeast Fermentation

The process of converting pyruvate to ethanol in the absence of oxygen, primarily used by yeast.

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Glycogenolysis

The breakdown of glycogen, the storage form of glucose, releasing glucose into the bloodstream.

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Glycogenesis

The synthesis of glycogen from glucose, storing excess glucose for later use.

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Lipolysis

The process of breaking down fats to generate energy, releasing fatty acids and glycerol.

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Lipogenesis

The process of synthesizing fats from fatty acids and glycerol, storing excess energy.

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Protein Catabolism

The pathway that breaks down protein into amino acids, releasing energy and producing nitrogenous waste.

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Protein Anabolism

The pathway that synthesizes proteins from amino acids, requiring energy and building new structures and enzymes.

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Gluconeogenesis

The process of converting amino acids into glucose, a critical pathway for maintaining blood glucose levels during fasting.

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Catabolic Reactions

The process of breaking down molecules to produce energy, often involving oxidation reactions.

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Anabolic reactions

The process of building up molecules, requiring energy input, often involving reduction reactions.

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