56 Questions
What is the primary function of catabolism in cells?
To break down macromolecules to produce energy
What is the term for the energy currency of the cell?
ATP
What is the primary purpose of glycolysis?
To break down glucose to produce energy
What is the term for the sum of all reactions in a cell?
Metabolism
What type of bond joins the first phosphoryl group to the 5-carbon sugar ribose in ATP?
Phosphoester bond
What is the term for the sequence of metabolic reactions?
Pathways
What is the term for the process of using energy to make macromolecules?
Anabolism
What is the primary purpose of Stage I in catabolism?
To degrade food molecules into component subunits
What is the molecule composed of in ATP?
Nitrogenous base, 5-carbon sugar, and one, two, or three phosphoryl groups
What is the type of bond that joins the second and third phosphoryl groups in ATP?
Phosphoanhydride bond
Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down starch into monosaccharides in the mouth?
Amylase
What is the primary product of the breakdown of fats in the small intestine?
Fatty acids and glycerol
What is the purpose of Stage 2 in catabolism?
To convert monomers into a form that can be completely oxidized
What is the byproduct of the oxidation of the acetyl group in the citric acid cycle?
CO2
What is the role of glycolysis in glucose metabolism?
To convert glucose to pyruvate
What is the fate of pyruvate after glycolysis?
It has one of several fates
What is the primary energy source that is most readily used by the body?
Carbohydrates
What is the final product of the complete oxidation of nutrients in the citric acid cycle?
ATP
What is the primary purpose of allosteric control in glycolysis?
To regulate the reactions with large decreases in free energy
In which condition is pyruvate converted to lactic acid?
In the absence of oxygen
What is the ultimate fate of pyruvate in the presence of oxygen?
Complete oxidation to CO2 and H2O
Which enzyme is not a site of allosteric control in glycolysis?
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
What is the purpose of recycling NAD+?
To prevent a decrease in oxidation reactions
In which organism is pyruvate converted to ethanol?
Yeast
What is the role of hexokinase in glycolysis?
To convert glucose to glucose-6-phosphate
What is the fate of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle?
It is completely oxidized to CO2 and H2O
Why is pyruvate transported to the mitochondria?
To complete its oxidation to CO2 and H2O
What are the three enzymes that catalyze reactions with large decreases in free energy in glycolysis?
Hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase
What is the primary function of catabolic pathways in cells?
To break down macromolecules to produce energy
What is the energy currency that cells use to perform various cellular functions?
ATP
What is the process of glycolysis involved in?
Catabolic reactions
What is the term for the sum of all reactions in a cell?
Metabolism
What type of bonds are used to join the second and third phosphoryl groups in ATP?
Phosphoanhydride bonds
What is the purpose of the energy conversion strategy used by cells?
To oxidize glucose and produce energy
What are the two types of cellular work that require energy?
Breaking down macromolecules and making macromolecules
What is the sequence of metabolic reactions called?
Metabolic pathway
What is the energy released from the breakdown of glucose used for?
To perform cellular energy-requiring functions
What is the primary purpose of Stage I in catabolism?
To degrade food molecules into component subunits
What is the fate of the acetyl group in the citric acid cycle?
It is oxidized to produce CO2
What is the primary function of glycolysis in glucose metabolism?
To break down glucose into pyruvate
What is the role of bile salts in the digestion of fats?
To disperse fat globules
What is the end product of the complete oxidation of nutrients in the citric acid cycle?
CO2
What is the primary energy source that is most readily used by the body?
Carbohydrates
What is the purpose of Stage 3 in catabolism?
To produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation
What is the fate of pyruvate after glycolysis?
It is converted to acetyl-CoA
What is the primary function of pancreatic amylase in the digestion of carbohydrates?
To break down carbohydrates into monosaccharides
What happens to pyruvate in the absence of oxygen in mammalian cells?
It is converted to lactic acid
Which enzyme is responsible for a site of allosteric control in glycolysis?
All of the above
What is the fate of pyruvate in the presence of oxygen in yeast?
It is converted to ethanol
Why is NAD+ recycled in glycolysis?
To prevent decrease in oxidation reactions
What is the end product of glycolysis in aerobic conditions?
CO2 + H2O
What is the role of pyruvate kinase in glycolysis?
It is a site of allosteric control
In which organ does glycolysis take place?
Cytoplasm
What is the purpose of glycolysis in cellular respiration?
To convert glucose to pyruvate
What is the fate of pyruvate in anaerobic conditions in yeast?
It is converted to ethanol
What is the significance of the three reactions with large decreases in free energy in glycolysis?
They are the sites of allosteric control
Test your knowledge on glucose metabolism, citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation in this CHEM311 chapter 17 quiz. Learn about the process of glycolysis, ATP, and energy conversion strategies in cells. Assess your understanding of catabolism and anabolism in cellular functions.
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