CHEM311 Chapter 17: Glucose Metabolism and Citric Acid Cycle
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of catabolism in cells?

  • To synthesize macromolecules
  • To break down macromolecules to produce energy (correct)
  • To regulate anabolic pathways
  • To store energy in the form of ATP

    • What is the term for the energy currency of the cell?

  • ADP
  • ATP (correct)
  • NADP
  • AMP

    • What is the primary purpose of glycolysis?

  • To synthesize glucose
  • To store energy in the form of ATP
  • To break down glucose to produce energy (correct)
  • To regulate anabolic pathways

    • What is the term for the sum of all reactions in a cell?

    <p>Metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond joins the first phosphoryl group to the 5-carbon sugar ribose in ATP?

    <p>Phosphoester bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the sequence of metabolic reactions?

    <p>Pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of using energy to make macromolecules?

    <p>Anabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Stage I in catabolism?

    <p>To degrade food molecules into component subunits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the molecule composed of in ATP?

    <p>Nitrogenous base, 5-carbon sugar, and one, two, or three phosphoryl groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of bond that joins the second and third phosphoryl groups in ATP?

    <p>Phosphoanhydride bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down starch into monosaccharides in the mouth?

    <p>Amylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary product of the breakdown of fats in the small intestine?

    <p>Fatty acids and glycerol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Stage 2 in catabolism?

    <p>To convert monomers into a form that can be completely oxidized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the byproduct of the oxidation of the acetyl group in the citric acid cycle?

    <p>CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of glycolysis in glucose metabolism?

    <p>To convert glucose to pyruvate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of pyruvate after glycolysis?

    <p>It has one of several fates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary energy source that is most readily used by the body?

    <p>Carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final product of the complete oxidation of nutrients in the citric acid cycle?

    <p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of allosteric control in glycolysis?

    <p>To regulate the reactions with large decreases in free energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which condition is pyruvate converted to lactic acid?

    <p>In the absence of oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate fate of pyruvate in the presence of oxygen?

    <p>Complete oxidation to CO2 and H2O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is not a site of allosteric control in glycolysis?

    <p>Pyruvate dehydrogenase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of recycling NAD+?

    <p>To prevent a decrease in oxidation reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which organism is pyruvate converted to ethanol?

    <p>Yeast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of hexokinase in glycolysis?

    <p>To convert glucose to glucose-6-phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle?

    <p>It is completely oxidized to CO2 and H2O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is pyruvate transported to the mitochondria?

    <p>To complete its oxidation to CO2 and H2O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three enzymes that catalyze reactions with large decreases in free energy in glycolysis?

    <p>Hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of catabolic pathways in cells?

    <p>To break down macromolecules to produce energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy currency that cells use to perform various cellular functions?

    <p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of glycolysis involved in?

    <p>Catabolic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the sum of all reactions in a cell?

    <p>Metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bonds are used to join the second and third phosphoryl groups in ATP?

    <p>Phosphoanhydride bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the energy conversion strategy used by cells?

    <p>To oxidize glucose and produce energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of cellular work that require energy?

    <p>Breaking down macromolecules and making macromolecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sequence of metabolic reactions called?

    <p>Metabolic pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy released from the breakdown of glucose used for?

    <p>To perform cellular energy-requiring functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Stage I in catabolism?

    <p>To degrade food molecules into component subunits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of the acetyl group in the citric acid cycle?

    <p>It is oxidized to produce CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of glycolysis in glucose metabolism?

    <p>To break down glucose into pyruvate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of bile salts in the digestion of fats?

    <p>To disperse fat globules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the end product of the complete oxidation of nutrients in the citric acid cycle?

    <p>CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary energy source that is most readily used by the body?

    <p>Carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Stage 3 in catabolism?

    <p>To produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of pyruvate after glycolysis?

    <p>It is converted to acetyl-CoA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of pancreatic amylase in the digestion of carbohydrates?

    <p>To break down carbohydrates into monosaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to pyruvate in the absence of oxygen in mammalian cells?

    <p>It is converted to lactic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for a site of allosteric control in glycolysis?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of pyruvate in the presence of oxygen in yeast?

    <p>It is converted to ethanol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is NAD+ recycled in glycolysis?

    <p>To prevent decrease in oxidation reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the end product of glycolysis in aerobic conditions?

    <p>CO2 + H2O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of pyruvate kinase in glycolysis?

    <p>It is a site of allosteric control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which organ does glycolysis take place?

    <p>Cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of glycolysis in cellular respiration?

    <p>To convert glucose to pyruvate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of pyruvate in anaerobic conditions in yeast?

    <p>It is converted to ethanol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the three reactions with large decreases in free energy in glycolysis?

    <p>They are the sites of allosteric control</p> Signup and view all the answers

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