Chem 1 Test 3 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is a solution?

Homogeneous mixture, contains a solvent and solute(s).

What is a solvent?

The dissolving medium in a solution, substance in the mixture that maintains its physical state and usually is in the greatest amount.

What are aqueous solutions?

Solutions in which the solvent is water.

What is a solute?

Substance dissolved in the solvent to form a solution. Signup and view all the answers

What is molarity?

A concentration unit for solutions, molarity = amount of solute (moles) / volume of solution (litres). Signup and view all the answers

What is a standard solution?

A solution whose concentration is accurately known. Signup and view all the answers

Preparing a solution can be done _ from pure solute or by _ dilution.

a) Signup and view all the answers

What is dilution?

A common space-saving practice in chemistry to store a solution in a concentration form called 'stock solution,' and then dilute it to whatever concentration is needed. Signup and view all the answers

What are the structures of water?

Polar Signup and view all the answers

What is hydration?

When an ionic compound dissolves in water, the positive ends of the water molecules are attracted to the anions and the negative ends are attracted to the cations. Signup and view all the answers

What are electrolytic properties?

All solutes that dissolve in water fit into two categories: electrolytes and nonelectrolytes. Signup and view all the answers

What is an electrolyte?

Substance that when dissolved in water results in a solution that can conduct electricity. Signup and view all the answers

What is a non-electrolyte?

A substance that does not conduct electricity when dissolved in water. Signup and view all the answers

What are strong electrolytes?

Substances that are completely ionized when they are dissolved in water. Signup and view all the answers

What are weak electrolytes?

Substances that produce relatively few ions when dissolved in water. Signup and view all the answers

What are non-electrolytes?

Substances that form virtually no ions when dissolved in water. Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of solution reactions?

Precipitation reactions, acid-base reactions, oxidation-reduction reactions. Signup and view all the answers

What are precipitation reactions?

The formation of a precipitate (insoluble solid product) by mixing solutions of two strong electrolytes. Signup and view all the answers

What is gravimetric analysis?

The amount of substance present is determined by measurements of mass of the precipitate. Signup and view all the answers

What is an acid?

A substance that produces H+ ions when dissolved in water, H+ donor. Signup and view all the answers

What is a base?

A substance that produces OH- ions when dissolved in water, H+ acceptor. Signup and view all the answers

What are the properties of acids?

Sour taste, blue to red, aqueous acids conduct electricity, react with certain metals, react with carbonates and bicarbonates to produce carbon dioxide gas. Signup and view all the answers

What are the properties of bases?

Bitter taste, slippery, cause metal ions to form insoluble compounds that can precipitate from solution, red to blue, aqueous bases produce electricity. Signup and view all the answers

What is the stoichiometric point/equivalence point?

Point at which the acid has been completely reacted with or been neutralized by the base. Signup and view all the answers

What is an indicator?

Substances that have distinctly different colors in acidic and basic media. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Solutions and Components

A solution is a homogeneous mixture comprising a solvent and solute(s).
The solvent is the medium that dissolves the solute, typically present in the greatest quantity and retains its physical state.
Aqueous solutions specifically use water as the solvent.
A solute is the substance that dissolves in a solvent to form a solution; it may alter its physical state.

Concentration and Preparation

Molarity measures the concentration of a solution, defined as the amount of solute in moles divided by the volume of the solution in liters.
A standard solution is one with a precisely known concentration.
Solutions can be prepared either from a pure solute or through dilution of a concentration solution, often termed a "stock solution."

Water and Hydration

Water has a molecular structure characterized by a bond angle of 105 degrees, making it polar with an unequal charge distribution.
Hydration involves the attraction of water molecule's positive ends to anions and negative ends to cations when ionic compounds dissolve in water.

Electrolytes

Solutes in water are categorized as electrolytes (conduct electricity) or nonelectrolytes (do not conduct electricity).
Strong electrolytes are entirely ionized in solution, while weak electrolytes produce relatively few ions.
Non-electrolytes do not dissociate into ions, maintaining their molecular integrity in solution.

Types of Reactions

Solution reactions can include precipitation, acid-base, and oxidation-reduction reactions.
Precipitation reactions create an insoluble solid called a precipitate by mixing solutions of two strong electrolytes, useful in chemical analysis.
Gravimetric analysis quantifies substances by measuring the mass of the precipitate formed.

Acids and Bases

An acid generates H+ ions in water and acts as a proton donor; a base produces OH- ions and functions as a proton acceptor.
Properties of acids include a sour taste, ability to turn blue litmus red, electrical conductivity in aqueous form, and reactions with metals and carbonates.
Properties of bases encompass a bitter taste, slippery feel, their ability to form insoluble metal compounds, turning red litmus blue, and electrical conductivity.

Stoichiometry and Indicators

The stoichiometric point or equivalence point marks the complete reaction between an acid and a base.
Indicators are substances that exhibit distinct color changes in acidic versus basic environments.

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Description

Study key concepts from Chemistry 1 including definitions of solutions, solvents, and solutes. These flashcards will help reinforce your understanding of homogeneous mixtures and the role of water in aqueous solutions. Perfect for exam preparation and quick review.