Characteristics of Type B COPD Patients

<p>2 years with 3 consecutive months (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypertrophy of bronchial wall mucous glands (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cor-pulmonale (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maximal inspiration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extrinsic asthma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Episodic attacks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eosinophils (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Airflow obstruction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Status asthmaticus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antibiotic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic bronchitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Goblet cell metaplasia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proximal bronchial tree (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mild allergic reactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Positive intrathoracic pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Squamous metaplasia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of macrophages with brown pigment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>0.5 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Panacinar emphysema (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neutrophils (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cigarette smoking (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>α1-antitrypsin deficiency (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Irreversible dilatation of terminal respiratory units (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has no effect on macrophage derived elastases. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PiZZ homozygosity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Upper lobes apical segments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They cause a decrease in alpha-1 antitrypsin levels. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Swollen lungs resembling a feathered pillow. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Accumulation of macrophages and neutrophils (B), Exposure to oxidants in cigarette smoke (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Panacinar emphysema (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It features fibrosis and atelectasia in surrounding lung areas. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Distal (paraseptal) emphysema (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Irregular emphysema (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Marked obstructive bronchitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypertrophy of bronchial mucous glands (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Obstructive pattern (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Can lead to CO2 retention (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through hypersecretion of mucus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Imbalance in protease-antiprotease mechanisms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Panacinar emphysema (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cigarette smoking (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It decreases antiproteolytic activity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bullous emphysema (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Release of oxidants from cigarette smoke (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Panacinar emphysema (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spontaneous pneumothorax (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It commonly occurs adjacent to scar tissue. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased resistance to airflow (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mucous gland hyperplasia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dyspnea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Over-inflated lungs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immunologic causes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Airway dilation and scarring (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acinus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tobacco smoke (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased lung expansion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thickening of bronchial walls exceeding mucous gland thickness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They may collapse, causing ventilatory obstruction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bronchiectasis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It affects the proximal bronchial tree rather than distal structures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They undergo hyperplasia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mucins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cor-pulmonale (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of macrophages with brown pigment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bronchiectasis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Asthma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cold weather (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Frequent extended attacks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Release of inflammatory mediators (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mucous gland hyperplasia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vagal system stimulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Scanty, thick, viscous mucus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A type of COPD characterized by marked obstructive bronchitis, difficulty ventilating, decreased blood oxygenation (cyanosis), and increased arterial CO2. Changes in lung blood vessels, right heart enlargement (cor pulmonale), and peripheral swelling (edema) often occur.

Smoking is a major cause, irritating the lungs and causing the bronchial mucous glands to enlarge, increasing mucus production, and leading to an increased risk of bacterial infections.

A persistent, productive cough lasting at least 3 months for 2 years. A variety of bronchitis types exist (Simple, mucopurulent, Obstructive, Asthmatic).

Chronic bronchitis involves increased size and number of mucous glands in the bronchial walls.

Giving oxygen to a patient with severe COPD can suppress the respiratory drive, leading to potentially life-threatening CO2 buildup.

A rare autosomal recessive disorder causing defects in ciliary motion, leading to various complications.

Abnormal, permanent dilation of the bronchi, often caused by infections or underlying conditions like Kartagener Syndrome.

A rare lung malformation where a portion of lung tissue is isolated and lacks normal blood supply.

Right ventricular enlargement caused by high pressure in the pulmonary arteries, often a complication of lung diseases like bronchiectasis.

A chronic lung disease characterized by reversible airway obstruction due to inflammation and bronchospasm.

Factors that can provoke asthma attacks, including allergens, irritants, exercise, cold weather, stress, and endocrine factors.

Microscopic examination of asthmatic airways shows inflammation, mucus buildup, and smooth muscle contraction, resulting in bronchiolar obstruction and alveolar collapse.

A severe, life-threatening asthma attack that doesn't respond to usual treatment.

Emphysema is a lung disease characterized by permanent destruction of the tiny air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs, leading to shortness of breath and difficulty breathing out.

The destruction of alveoli is primarily caused by an imbalance of proteases (enzymes that break down tissue) and antiproteases (proteins that protect tissue). This imbalance can be due to excess proteases from inflammation or a deficiency in antiproteases.

Cigarette smoking is a major contributor to emphysema due to chronic irritation and inflammation that increases protease activity. Genetic factors, such as α1-antitrypsin deficiency, can also lead to emphysema by reducing antiprotease activity.

Emphysema leads to irreversible dilatation (widening) of the terminal respiratory units, which are the smallest airways in the lungs. This makes it harder to exhale, leading to air trapping in the lungs.

Neutrophils, a type of white blood cell, are the main source of elastase, a powerful enzyme that can destroy lung tissue. Excess neutrophils or increased release of elastase contributes to the destruction of alveoli in emphysema.

A ratio that compares the thickness of mucous glands in the bronchial wall to the total thickness of the bronchial wall. A Reid Index of 0.5 or higher suggests chronic bronchitis.

A chronic respiratory disease characterized by persistent inflammation and excess mucus production in the airways. It often leads to airway obstruction and difficulty breathing.

Smoking is a major culprit, but other factors can include air pollution, recurrent infections, and genetic predispositions.

The airways become inflamed and narrowed, leading to increased mucus production, difficulty breathing, and a persistent cough.

The bronchial walls thicken with excess mucus glands, and there's an increase in goblet cells which produce mucus.

Common causes include long-standing bronchial obstruction, severe infections like pneumonia, and genetic factors.

Bronchiectasis affects the larger airways, while emphysema involves the smaller air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs.

Alpha-1 antitrypsin is a protein that inhibits elastase, an enzyme that breaks down elastin, a protein that gives lungs their elasticity. It helps prevent lung damage.

Cigarette smoke contains oxidants that damage alpha-1 antitrypsin, reducing its effectiveness. Additionally, smoke stimulates the release of elastase from macrophages, further overwhelming the limited alpha-1 antitrypsin.

Emphysema is caused by a breakdown of lung tissue, primarily due to an imbalance between elastase and its inhibitor, alpha-1 antitrypsin. This imbalance can be caused by smoking, genetic factors, or a combination of both.

The Pi locus is a gene on chromosome 14 that codes for alpha-1 antitrypsin. Individuals with a specific variant of this gene called PiZZ have very low levels of alpha-1 antitrypsin, making them more susceptible to emphysema.

Centrilobular emphysema is a type of emphysema characterized by damage to the central airways of the lung, primarily the apical segments of the upper lobes, leading to dilation of the air spaces in the lung.

A type of emphysema where the respiratory bronchioles and adjacent alveoli are damaged, leading to enlargement of air spaces and a loss of lung elasticity.

A type of emphysema where the entire acinus (the functional unit of the lung) is affected, resulting in widespread destruction of lung tissue and enlarged air spaces.

A type of emphysema that involves damage to the distal alveoli, often near the pleura with a focus on the lung's outer walls.

A common type of emphysema that involves scattered areas of damage throughout the lung, often associated with scarring and old infections.

A chronic lung disease characterized by airflow obstruction and inflammation, often caused by smoking, chronic bronchitis, or emphysema, leading to difficulty breathing and decreased lung function.

An abnormally rounded chest is a sign of COPD, often observed in patients with emphysema. This occurs because the air trapped in the damaged alveoli expands the chest cavity.

A type of COPD characterized by chronic bronchitis, cyanosis (blueish skin color), and increased CO2 levels. Patients have difficulty ventilating and are prone to swelling in the legs.

Smoking is a major cause of COPD. Cigarette smoke irritates the airways, leading to chronic inflammation, mucus buildup, and damage to the alveoli.

A group of lung diseases characterized by airflow obstruction which makes it harder to breathe out. This obstruction can be caused by narrowing or blockage of the airways.

A chronic lung disease characterized by airflow obstruction and inflammation. COPD is often caused by smoking, chronic bronchitis, or emphysema.

The main types of obstructive lung disease are chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, asthma, and emphysema. These diseases affect different parts of the lungs and have distinct causes.

A chronic lung disease characterized by persistent inflammation and excess mucus production in the airways, leading to airway obstruction and difficulty breathing.

A lung disease characterized by permanent destruction of the tiny air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs, leading to shortness of breath and difficulty breathing out.

A chronic lung disease characterized by abnormal, permanent dilation of the bronchi, often caused by infections or underlying conditions like Kartagener Syndrome.

A chronic lung disease characterized by reversible airway obstruction due to inflammation and bronchospasm.

A measurement of lung function that compares the amount of air you can force out of your lungs in one second (FEV1) to the total amount of air you can exhale (FVC). A low ratio suggests airflow obstruction.

A type of COPD characterized by chronic cough, progressive dyspnea, wheezing, and hyperventilation. These patients often sit hunched forward to help with breathing.

A type of COPD characterized by marked obstructive bronchitis, difficulty ventilating, decreased blood oxygenation (cyanosis), and increased arterial CO2. Often have right heart enlargement (cor pulmonale) and peripheral swelling (edema).

Emphysema is caused by the breakdown of lung tissue, primarily due to an imbalance between elastase (an enzyme that breaks down lung tissue) and alpha-1 antitrypsin (a protein that inhibits elastase).

Cigarette smoke damages alpha-1 antitrypsin, reducing its ability to protect lung tissue. It also stimulates the release of elastase, further contributing to lung tissue damage.

Smoking is a major cause. It irritates the lungs and causes the bronchial mucous glands to enlarge, increasing mucus production. Chronic bronchitis also increases the risk of bacterial infections.

The transformation of normal epithelial cells into squamous epithelial cells. It can occur in chronic bronchitis as a response to irritation.

A chronic lung disease where the tiny air sacs in the lungs are destroyed, causing difficulty breathing and shortness of breath.

Spiral-shaped casts of mucus found in the sputum of patients with asthma, formed by the thickening and twisting of mucus in the airways.

It's a breakdown of lung tissue, mainly due to an imbalance between elastase (an enzyme that breaks down tissue) and alpha-1 antitrypsin (a protein that protects tissue).

A genetic problem where the body doesn't make enough alpha-1 antitrypsin, the protein that protects lung tissue. This makes people more prone to emphysema.

Cigarette smoke irritates the lungs, increases inflammation, and stimulates the release of elastase, the enzyme that breaks down lung tissue. This overwhelms the protective alpha-1 antitrypsin.

A type of emphysema where the central airways (respiratory bronchioles) and nearby alveoli are damaged, leading to larger air spaces and loss of lung elasticity.

A type of emphysema where the entire functional unit of the lung (acini) is affected, resulting in widespread destruction and enlarged air spaces.

Emphysema and chronic bronchitis are two major components of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), representing different mechanisms of lung damage: emphysema affects the alveoli, while bronchitis affects the bronchi.