73 Questions
What is the negative impact of excess nitrogen compounds in water reservoirs?
Causing algal blooms
How do nitrogen compounds affect the possibility of reusing water for consumption?
Limiting chlorination effectiveness
What negative impact can high nitrate (V) concentration in drinking water have on human health?
Causing digestive issues
What is a potential health risk associated with nitrites in water?
Inducing methemoglobinemia
Why have no drinking water standards been established for phosphorus?
Due to the lack of toxicity of phosphates to people or animals
How can the presence of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds indirectly influence human health?
Through their role in eutrophication of waters
What can cyanobacteria produce under favorable conditions that poses a risk to marine ecosystems?
Toxic secondary metabolites known as cyanotoxins
What does the presence of intestinal microorganisms in a soil sample indicate?
Contamination with faeces
Which of the following intestinal bacilli can remain in soil for up to several days?
Shigella
What is the significance of finding developmental stages of parasites classified as helminths in soil samples?
It cannot be used for growing vegetables or fruits consumed raw
Which method is commonly used in soil parasitological studies to analyze the differences in specific weights of cysts, oocysts, and parasite eggs?
Flotation and sedimentation
What is the smallest soil mass in which coliforms or C. perfringens spores are still present known as?
Titer
Which intestinal bacillus can remain in soil for several months, up to a year?
Enterobacter aerogenes
What form does Clostridium perfringens take in soil that allows it to survive for several years?
Spores
What is the main cause of soil pollution?
High concentrations of toxic chemicals in the soil
How can contaminated soil be ingested by humans?
By consuming plants or animals that have accumulated soil pollutants
Which of the following is NOT a major source of soil pollutants?
Agricultural fertilizers
What type of industry is considered a major anthropogenic source of soil pollutants?
Textile industry
What can result in the release of toxic elements into the environment according to the text?
Mining activities
How does agricultural soil lose its function due to soil pollution?
Gradual desertification
Which system can be affected by soil pollution through inhaling soil dust particles?
Respiratory system
Which parasite is a blood fluke?
Schistosoma mansonii
How is Fasciola hepatica primarily transmitted to humans?
Through contaminated water or food
What is the geographical occurrence of Diphyllobothrium latum?
Northern Europe, North America, Asia
Which organism is an intracellular parasite that invades the epithelial cells of the intestine?
Cryptosporidium parvum
In which part of the body does Schistosoma mansonii reside?
Bloodstream
What is the route of invasion for Acanthamoeba castellani in humans?
Active penetration through the skin
How is Cryptosporidium parvum primarily transmitted to humans?
Through contaminated water or food
How can Anclostoma duodenale be transmitted?
Through the ingestion of larvae
Which of the following is NOT a reference mentioned in the text?
Jones L., Smith K.: Microbiology Fundamentals. Pearson, 2005
What type of outbreak was associated with treated recreational water in the United States from 2000-2014?
E. coli outbreak
What is the primary mode of transmission for Anclostoma duodenale?
Ingestion of larvae
What organism caused a waterborne outbreak of multiple infections at a school camp?
E. coli
What is the primary function of Actinomycetes in soil?
Breaking down recalcitrant compounds like chitin and cellulose
Which type of microorganism is responsible for chemical processes in the soil under normal conditions?
Autochthonous bacteria
What distinguishes allochthonous microorganisms from autochthonous ones in soil?
Their transient nature in the community
Which group of bacteria produces a significant percentage of natural antibiotics?
Actinomycetes
What is the main role of photoautotrophic bacteria in soil?
Producing oxygen through photosynthesis
What is the term for organisms that do not naturally occur in a specific environment and migrate there?
Allochthonous organisms
Which of the following is a term for native organisms in a given environment?
Autochtonic organisms
What type of index shows the numerical ratio of different types of microscopic organisms found in a representative water sample?
Biological index (biotic index, Bi)
Which term refers to the process of gradual increase in the concentration of biogenous elements in aquatic ecosystems?
Water eutrophication
What are multicellular parasites including tapeworms, flukes, and nematodes known as?
Helminths
What is the main medical significance of the cosmopolitan genus Streptomyces?
Producing nearly 80% of bioactive metabolites of Actinomycetes
Which bacterium is known for producing streptomycin, an antibiotic with antibacterial activity?
Streptomyces griseus
In what type of climate are soil-transmitted parasites more likely to cause invasions?
Warm and moist climates
What is the significance of a sanitary evaluation of soil?
To assess the source of soil pollution and its progress
What role does bacteriological research play in soil evaluation?
Determining the intensity and source of pollution
What is the coliform titer specifically measuring in water samples?
Quantity of coli group bacteria in 100 ml of water
What technique involves passing test samples through a membrane filter to count the number of colonies on the filter?
Membrane filtration
At what temperature and time are total viable bacteria typically measured in drinking water samples?
37°C after 24 hours
Which type of microorganism predominantly grows at temperatures between -5 to +30°C?
Psychrophilic bacteria
What does the biological indicator Bi measure in water reservoirs?
Relation between producers and consumers
What is the indicator organism used for detecting faecal contamination in surface waters in the European Union countries?
Clostridium perfringens
Which protozoan with oocysts resistant to chlorination and ozonation serves as an indicator of purity in drinking water in some countries like the USA?
Cryptosporidium parvum
What must recreational waters of natural bathing areas be examined for, besides faecal contamination indicators?
Cyanobacteria
Which bacteria can be found in inland and sea bathing areas' water, according to the text?
Escherichia coli
In the EU, which bacterium is used as an indicator organism for all types of waters to detect faecal contamination?
Escherichia coli
What is a pathogen type that is mentioned in the text as a cause of infectious and invasive diseases occurring naturally or contaminating the aquatic environment?
Helminths
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a water-borne pathogen in the text?
Staphylococcus
What is a characteristic of water-borne parasitic diseases as described in the text?
Resistance to disinfectants
Which parasite mentioned in the text has a wide host specificity and can infect humans as well as over 80 mammal species?
Cryptosporidium parvum
Which type of bacteria is NOT mentioned in the context of infectious and invasive diseases occurring naturally or contaminating the aquatic environment in the text?
Bacillus
What is the main health risk associated with drinking contaminated water?
Waterborne infectious diseases
Which pathogen is known to cause primary amoebic meningoencephalitis through inhalation of water droplets?
Naegleria fowleri
What is the primary function of photoautotrophic bacteria in soil?
Producing energy from sunlight
How are allochthonous microorganisms different from autochthonous ones in soil?
Allochthonous microorganisms are introduced from outside sources, while autochthonous are native.
Which of the following best describes the role of autotrophic bacteria in soil?
Fixing carbon dioxide into organic compounds
Inhalation of aerosols can lead to infection by which pathogen?
Acanthamoeba spp.
'Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis' is caused by which pathogen?
Acanthamoeba spp.
'Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis' is caused by which pathogen?
Naegleria fowleri
'Total coliform bacteria' are typically found in which stage of water treatment?
'Treated water in the distribution system'
'Infectious diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria' are most commonly associated with consumption of contaminated:
'Drinking-water'
Study Notes
Soil Contamination and Its Effects
- The presence of intestinal microorganisms in soil indicates faecal contamination, which can be identified by the presence of certain bacteria, such as E. coli, Salmonella, and Shigella, up to several months after contamination.
- Clostridium perfringens spores can be present in soil for up to several years.
- Soil helminthological examination involves searching for developmental stages of parasites, such as hookworms, in soil samples.
Eutrophication and Its Effects
- Excess nitrogen and phosphorus compounds in water reservoirs can cause eutrophication, leading to increased plant and algae growth, reduced dissolved oxygen, and harm to aquatic organisms.
- High nitrate concentration in drinking water can negatively impact human health, causing methemoglobinemia and increasing the risk of cancer.
Soil Pollution and Its Effects
- Soil pollution can occur through natural or anthropogenic sources, such as agricultural fertilizers, industrial activities, and waste disposal.
- Contact with contaminated soil can occur through ingestion, inhalation, or skin contact.
- Soil pollution can lead to the loss of soil function and negatively impact plants, wildlife, and human health.
Waterborne Pathogens and Diseases
- Various pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and helminths, can be present in water and cause infectious diseases.
- Examples of waterborne pathogens include E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Cryptosporidium, and Giardia.
- Factors contributing to the occurrence of waterborne parasitic diseases include pollution of surface and groundwater, irregularities in water treatment, and properties of the parasite.
Sanitary Evaluation of Soil and Water
- Sanitary evaluation of soil includes bacteriological and helminthological examination.
- Water quality assessment includes determination of total viable bacteria, coliform index, and biological index (biotic index).
- International guidelines for safe recreational water environments have been established to minimize health hazards.
Test your knowledge on the characteristics and geographical occurrence of various protozoa and parasites like Acanthamoeba castellani, Cryptosporidium parvum, Fasciola hepatica, Schistosoma mansonii, and Diphyllobothrium latum. Learn about their hosts, invasive stages, and routes of invasion.
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