Characteristics of Living Things Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic that describes living things?

  • Photosynthesis (correct)
  • Reproduction
  • Adaptation
  • Energy Production & Consumption
  • Growth & Repair

    • What are the four basic types of tissues?

  • Epithelial, Muscular, Connective, Nervous (correct)
  • Epithelial, Muscle, Skin, Nervous
  • Bone, Muscle, Connective, Nervous
  • Epithelial, Bone, Connective, Nervous

    • The cell theory states that all living organisms are comprised of at least one cell

    True (A)

    Which of the following statements about cell differentiation is FALSE?

    <p>Cell differentiation is primarily controlled by the environment, not by the cells themselves. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the fluid-filled space within a true cavity?

    <p>Serous cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a compartment of the thoracic cavity?

    <p>Abdominopelvic cavity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the CORRECT order of the levels of organization in the body, from simplest to most complex?

    <p>Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, System, Organismal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Dorsal cavity is physically and developmentally separate from the Ventral cavity.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following body cavities with their description:

    <p>Cranial Cavity = Houses the brain Vertebral Cavity = Houses the spinal cord Thoracic Cavity = Contains the heart and lungs Abdominopelvic Cavity = Contains the digestive organs and reproductive organs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the membrane that surrounds the heart?

    <p>Pericardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct term for the superior region of the abdominal cavity?

    <p>Epigastric (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior sections?

    <p>Coronal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the process by which the body maintains a stable internal environment?

    <p>Homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of the regulatory system involved in homeostasis?

    <p>Feedback loop (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Negative feedback mechanisms are generally more common in regulating bodily functions than positive feedback.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a positive feedback mechanism?

    <p>Labor and breastfeeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Metabolism

    The sum of chemical reactions to drive life functions.

    Anabolism

    Building large molecules from smaller ones.

    Catabolism

    Breaking down large molecules into smaller ones.

    Homeostasis

    Maintaining a stable internal environment despite external changes.

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    Reproduction

    Creation of new organisms or replication of cells for growth and repair.

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    Cell Theory

    All living organisms are made of cells; cells are the basic unit of life.

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    Tissues

    Groups of similar cells performing a common function.

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    Epithelial Tissue

    Covers body surfaces and lines cavities.

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    Connective Tissue

    Supports and connects other tissues.

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    Muscle Tissue

    Facilitates movement in the body.

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    Nervous Tissue

    Facilitates communication through signals.

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    Organ Level

    Structure composed of two or more tissue types performing specific functions.

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    System Level

    Multiple organs working together for common purposes.

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    Organismal Level

    Sum total of all structural levels working together.

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    Cell differentiation

    Development of specific features and functions in cells.

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    Human Cells

    Cells that have membrane-bound organelles and undergo gene expression.

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    Serosa

    Membranes surrounding organs in the ventral cavities.

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    Thoracic Cavity

    Contains the heart and lungs, surrounded by the ribs.

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    Abdominopelvic Cavity

    Contains organs of digestion and reproduction.

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    Directional Terms

    Terms used to describe locations of anatomical structures.

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    Body Cavities

    Hollow areas within the body for organ placement.

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    Negative Feedback

    Regulation mechanism that reverses a change in a variable.

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    Positive Feedback

    Regulation that enhances the initial change in a variable.

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    Axial Region

    Includes head, neck, and trunk of the body.

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    Appendicular Region

    Includes arms and legs, along with their girdles.

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    Stimulus

    Change in a variable that is detected in the body.

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    Sensor (Receptor)

    Body structure detecting stimuli changes.

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    Controller

    Structure that interprets input from sensors.

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    Effector

    Structure that brings about change in response to a stimulus.

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    Set Point

    Normal range for a regulated variable in homeostasis.

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    Study Notes

    Characteristics of Living Things

    • Energy Production & Consumption:
      • Living things produce energy and use it for various functions.
      • Metabolism encompasses all chemical reactions driving life functions.
      • Anabolism builds large molecules from small ones, while catabolism breaks large molecules into smaller ones.
    • Growth & Repair:
      • Organisms increase in size and cells specialize based on function.
      • Mechanisms exist to fix malfunctioning cells.
    • Adaptation:
      • Responsiveness allows organisms to sense and react to environmental stimuli.
      • Homeostasis maintains a constant internal environment.
    • Reproduction:
      • Cell replication supports growth and repair (cellular level).
      • Reproduction creates new organisms (organismal level).

    Levels of Organization in the Body

    • Chemical Level:
      • Atoms and molecules make up cells.
    • Cellular Level:
      • Cells are the basic building blocks of tissues, with specialized functions.
    • Tissue Level:
      • Tissues are composed of similar cells performing a common function. There are four main types: epithelial, muscle, connective, and nervous.
    • Organ Level:
      • Organs are composed of two or more tissue types, collectively working toward a specific function.
    • System Level:
      • Systems consist of multiple organs working together toward a common goal.
    • Organismal Level:
      • The organismal level encompasses all structural levels working harmoniously to maintain life.

    Cell Theory

    • All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
    • Cells are the fundamental unit of life.
    • Cells carry out metabolic activities enabling biological processes.
    • Cells originate only from preexisting cells.
    • Hereditary information (DNA) is used to create biomolecules, aiding in reproduction.

    Cells as Living Units of Life

    • Cells are the building blocks of tissues.
    • Cells are equipped to maintain homeostasis.
    • All cells share basic components: a membrane, genetic material, and cytosolic fluid.
    • Specialized organelles in human cells lead to compartmentalization and complexity.
    • Gene expression dictates cell specialization.

    Cell Differentiation

    • Cells develop specific features and functions during their life cycle that typically cannot be reversed.
    • Early in development, cells are totipotent (stem cells).
    • As tissues and organs develop, cells differentiate to perform specialized functions.

    Tissues

    • Tissues are groups of similar cells with a common structure or function.
    • There are four basic tissue types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.
    • Epithelial tissues cover surfaces; connective tissues support and connect; muscle tissues facilitate movement; and nervous tissues control communication.
    • Organs integrate all four tissue types to produce specific structures and functions.

    Integrating Tissues: Organs

    • Organs are structures comprised of at least two or more tissues to perform functions.
    • Different tissues within an organ need to cooperate to achieve the specific function of the organ.

    Intro to the Organ Systems

    • Integumentary System: Skin, hair, nails, glands—protects, regulates temperature.
    • Nervous System: Brain, spinal cord, nerves—detects signals and coordinates physiological responses.
    • Musculoskeletal System: Bones, muscles, cartilage, ligaments—movement, support, protection, blood cell production.
    • Respiratory System: Nasal passage, trachea, lungs—brings in air and regulates gas exchange in blood.
    • Cardiovascular System: Heart, blood vessels, blood—circulates blood carrying materials throughout body.
    • Immune & Lymphatic System: Lymph nodes, tissues, spleen—defends against pathogens.
    • Endocrine System: Hormones—regulates growth, metabolism, reproduction.
    • Urinary System: Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra—filters blood, regulates volume, and excretes waste.
    • Digestive System: Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder—digests food, absorbs nutrients.
    • Reproductive System: Testes/Ovaries, associated ducts and glands—production of gametes and embryo development.

    Regional Anatomical Terms

    • Axial region encompasses the head, neck, and trunk.
    • Appendicular region includes the limbs and their girdles.
    • Specific regions exist within the main regions (e.g., cephalic, cervical, thoracic, abdominal).

    Body Cavities

    • Cavities are hollow areas within the body where organs are contained.
    • Posterior (Dorsal) cavity: Cranial (brain) and vertebral (spinal cord).
    • Ventral cavity: larger and positioned anteriorly; Thoracic (lungs, heart) and Abdominopelvic (digestive, reproductive glands).
    • Serous membranes line the ventral cavity, reducing friction as organs move.

    Serosa

    • Serosa is a two-layered membrane that surrounds organs in the ventral cavities.
    • Parietal layer lines the cavity wall; visceral layer directly covers the organ, allowing for minimal friction. Fluid sits between the two layers.

    The Thoracic Cavity

    • Thoracic cavity: located within the chest, surrounded by the ribs and chest muscles.
    • Contains the pleural cavities (enclosing lungs) and the pericardial cavity (housing the heart).
    • Mediastinum is the central region of the thoracic cavity containing the heart, major blood vessels, esophagus, and trachea.

    The Abdominopelvic Cavity

    • The abdominopelvic cavity is inferior to the diaphragm.
    • It's subdivided into an abdominal cavity (superior region) and a pelvic cavity (inferior region). Organs of the digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems are housed within the cavity.

    Abdominopelvic Regions

    • The abdominopelvic cavity is further divided into nine regions (or four quadrants) to aid in describing organ location.

    Directional Terms

    • Terms describe positions of structures in relation to each other or to the body's midline. Examples: anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, superior, inferior, proximal, distal, superficial, deep. Understanding these terms is essential to anatomical study.

    Body Planes and Sections

    • Anatomical position: body upright, arms at the sides, palms forward.
    • Coronal (Frontal) plane divides the body into anterior and posterior sections; Midsagittal (Median) plane divides the body into right and left halves; Transverse (Horizontal) plane divides the body into superior and inferior sections.

    Homeostasis

    • Homeostasis is the dynamic state of balance within the body to maintain stable internal conditions despite external changes.
    • The components of homeostasis include variables, stimuli, receptors, control center, and effectors.
    • Negative feedback loops maintain homeostasis; positive feedback enhances an initial deviation from homeostasis.

    Negative vs. Positive Feedback

    • Negative feedback: commonly used mechanism of regulation to maintain homeostasis (example: thermoregulation).
    • Positive feedback: mechanisms amplify an initial deviation (example: childbirth).

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    BIOL2301 Lecture 01 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the fundamental characteristics of living organisms, including metabolism, growth, adaptation, and reproduction. This quiz explores the various levels of organization in the body, from chemical to cellular. Perfect for anyone studying biology or life sciences.

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