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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of living things?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of living things?
Anatomy is solely concerned with the functions of organs in the body.
Anatomy is solely concerned with the functions of organs in the body.
False
What are the six levels of structural organization in the human body?
What are the six levels of structural organization in the human body?
chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, system level, organ-animal level
The skeletal system is responsible for protecting and supporting the body. Its major organs include bones, joints, and __________.
The skeletal system is responsible for protecting and supporting the body. Its major organs include bones, joints, and __________.
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Which organ system is primarily responsible for exchanging gases between the body and the environment?
Which organ system is primarily responsible for exchanging gases between the body and the environment?
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Match the following organ systems with their primary functions:
Match the following organ systems with their primary functions:
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The major organs of the muscular system are primarily responsible for transporting blood throughout the body.
The major organs of the muscular system are primarily responsible for transporting blood throughout the body.
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An organ system is a group of related organs that have __________ functions working together.
An organ system is a group of related organs that have __________ functions working together.
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Which organ system is responsible for removing waste products from the body?
Which organ system is responsible for removing waste products from the body?
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Homeostasis can only be restored through positive feedback mechanisms.
Homeostasis can only be restored through positive feedback mechanisms.
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What is the term for the fluid found between tissue cells?
What is the term for the fluid found between tissue cells?
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The _________ system enables copulation and produces gametes.
The _________ system enables copulation and produces gametes.
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Match the following terms with their correct definitions:
Match the following terms with their correct definitions:
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Which feedback loop helps return the body to homeostasis?
Which feedback loop helps return the body to homeostasis?
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Symptoms are objective changes in body functions.
Symptoms are objective changes in body functions.
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What is the anatomical position?
What is the anatomical position?
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__________ are disorders linked to specific causes with characteristic signs and symptoms.
__________ are disorders linked to specific causes with characteristic signs and symptoms.
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What happens when fluid volume in the body is excessively high?
What happens when fluid volume in the body is excessively high?
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What is the primary function of body cavities?
What is the primary function of body cavities?
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The diaphragm divides the dorsal cavities into the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
The diaphragm divides the dorsal cavities into the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
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What type of organs are surrounded by serous membranes?
What type of organs are surrounded by serous membranes?
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The serous membrane that encases the abdominal cavity is called the __________.
The serous membrane that encases the abdominal cavity is called the __________.
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What is the function of serous fluid?
What is the function of serous fluid?
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The pleural cavity surrounds the heart.
The pleural cavity surrounds the heart.
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Name one organ found in the retroperitoneal space.
Name one organ found in the retroperitoneal space.
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The __________ is the division used for quickly assessing situations related to organ positioning.
The __________ is the division used for quickly assessing situations related to organ positioning.
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Match the following body cavities with their descriptions:
Match the following body cavities with their descriptions:
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Which of the following regions of the abdominopelvic cavity is located in the center?
Which of the following regions of the abdominopelvic cavity is located in the center?
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Study Notes
Characteristics of Living Things
- Living things are made of matter
- Living things metabolize complex chemical substances
- Living things respond to stimuli
- Living things move
- Living things grow and develop
- Living things reproduce
Anatomy and Physiology
- Anatomy is the study of structures and their relationships
- Physiology is the study of function
- Structure is specialized for particular function
- Function is limited or enhanced by structure
Levels of Structural Organization
- Chemical level: atoms and molecules
- Cellular level: cells, the basic unit of life
- Tissue level: groups of similar cells that perform a common function
- Organ level: two or more tissues that work together for a common function
- System level: group of organs that work together for common function
- Organismal level: all organ systems working together
Organ Systems
- Organ systems are groups of related organs with independent functions that work together.
- Integumentary System: skin, hair, nails. Protects and covers the body.
- Skeletal System: bones, joints, cartilage. Supports and protects the body, produces blood cells
- Muscular System: skeletal muscles. Moves and heats the body
- Nervous System: brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs. Senses signals and coordinates electrical responses.
- Endocrine System: cells and glands that secrete hormones. Senses signals and coordinates chemical responses
- Cardiovascular System: heart, blood, and vessels. Transports blood, nutrients, and gases throughout the body
- Lymphatic/Immune System: lymph node, thoracic duct, red bone marrow, lymphatic vessel, spleen, thymus, and tonsils. Defends the body from invaders
- Respiratory System: pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, lungs, diaphragm. Exchanges gases between the body and the environment and disposes of carbon dioxide waste
- Digestive System: liver, oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines. Acquires and extract nutrients and eliminates wastes.
- Urinary System: urinary bladder, urethra, kidney, and ureter. Removes wastes and maintains pH of the body. Disposes of nitrogenous wastes.
- Reproductive System: gonads, testes, ovary, vagina, prostate, penis, uterus. Produces gametes, enables copulation, and, in females, houses and nourishes young.
Body Fluids
- Extracellular fluid is the fluid outside cells
- Interstitial fluid: fluid between tissue cells
- Blood plasma: fluid component of blood in blood vessels and organs of the cardiovascular system
- Lymph: fluid inside lymph vessels
- Maintaining fluid volume and composition is crucial for organism survival
- Too much fluid can lead to high blood pressure, while too little can lead to low blood pressure
Homeostasis
- Homeostasis is the dynamic state of internal conditions within set parameters
- Requires a receptor to detect change
- Requires a control center to coordinate response
- Requires an effector to carry out the response according to the control center
Negative Feedback Loops
- Reverse changes to maintain homeostasis
- Example: An increase in blood pressure
- Receptors: Baroreceptors in walls of blood vessels detect increase in blood pressure
- Control center: brain sends impulses to the heart and blood vessels
- Effectors: The heart decreases blood volume and blood vessels dilate to increase blood flow
- The net response is a decrease in blood pressure
- Most common way the body responds to changes
Positive Feedback Loops
- Enhance initial change
- Example: Childbirth
- Receptor: Nerves in the cervix sense dilation
- Control center: Brain sends impulses to pituitary gland to release oxytocin
- Effectors: Myometrium (muscle of uterus) contracts, increasing cervical dilation
- Rare way the body responds to changes
Homeostatic Imbalances
- Prolonged or chronic homeostatic imbalances lead to disorders, diseases, or death
- Disorders result from abnormal body function
- Diseases are disorders with characteristic signs and symptoms linked to a specific cause
- Symptoms are changes in body functions that are felt or reported, subjective.
- Signs are changes in body functions that can be measured and observed, objective.
Anatomical Terminology
- Anatomical position: standing erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs pointing away from the body
- Supine position: facing up
- Prone position: facing down
- Regions: Generalized areas of the body
- Cervical region: neck
- Popliteal region: back of knee
Directional Terms
- Midline: Divides the body into right and left sides
- Medial: Nearer to the middle of the body
- Lateral: Further away from the middle of the body
- Proximal: Closer to place of attachment
- Distal: Further away from place of attachment
- Superior: Closer to the head of the body
- Inferior: Closer to the feet
Planes and Sections
- Plane: Imaginary flat surface that divides the body
- Transverse plane: Separates superior from inferior parts of the body
- Sections: Cuts along a plane
- Sections can be through the entire body or through an organ
Body Cavities
- Body cavities protect, hold, and support internal structures
-
Dorsal Body Cavities:
- Cranial cavity: Formed by cranial bones, contains the brain
- Vertebral canal/spinal cavity: Formed by vertebrae, contains the spinal cord
-
Ventral Body Cavities:
- Thoracic cavity: Contains the heart and lungs
- Abdominopelvic cavity: Extends from diaphragm to groin
- Viscera: Organs within the two ventral cavities
- Serous membranes: Thin, slippery layers that surround organs
- Pleura: Encase the lungs in the pleural cavity
- Pericardium: Encase the heart in the pericardial cavity
- Peritoneum: Encase the abdominal cavity and its organs
- Visceral peritoneum: Lines the viscera
- Parietal peritoneum: Lines the abdominal cavity wall
- Serous fluid: Lubricates and protects the viscera
Thoracic Cavity
- Formed by ribs, intercostal muscles, sternum, and thoracic vertebrae
- Pericardial cavity: Fluid-filled space around the heart
- Pleural cavities: Fluid-filled spaces around each of the lungs
- Mediastinum: Space between the lungs, contains all thoracic organs except the lungs
Abdominopelvic Cavity
- Two cavities extending from the diaphragm to the groin
- Abdominal cavity:
- Contains organs of the digestive system and accessory glands
- Pelvic cavity:
- Contains urinary bladder and organs/glands of the reproductive system
- Large intestine is divided between the two cavities
- Peritoneum lines the abdominal cavity
- Peritoneal viscera: Organs within the peritoneal cavity (ex: stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, most of the large intestine)
- Retroperitoneal viscera: Structures posterior to the peritoneum (ex: kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, duodenum, ascending/descending colon, parts of the abdominal aorta, inferior vena cava)
Abdominopelvic Terminology
- Midclavicular lines divide the cavity into three columns
- Subcostal and transtubercular lines divide the cavity into three rows
- Resulting regions:
- Right and left hypochondriac regions
- Right and left lumbar regions
- Right and left inguinal regions
- Epigastric region
- Umbilical region
- Hypogastric region
- Quadrants: A simpler way to divide the abdominopelvic cavity
- Forme by a midsagittal and transverse line drawn at the umbilicus
- Right upper quadrant
- Right lower quadrant
- Left upper quadrant
- Left lower quadrant
Summary
- Anatomy studies structure, physiology studies function
- The human body is organized into ascending levels of complexity, from atoms to organisms.
- The eleven organ systems each have specialized functions and cooperate/are interdependent
- Maintaining fluid volume and composition is crucial for survival
- Homeostasis is the dynamic maintenance of internal conditions within a specific range: mostly maintained through negative feedback loops
- Human anatomy can be described using positional, directional, and regional terms
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Description
This quiz covers the essential characteristics of living things and introduces the basics of anatomy and physiology. Explore the levels of structural organization, from chemical to organismal, and understand how organ systems function together. Test your knowledge on the vital concepts that define life and biological structures.
