Characteristics of Benign and Malignant Tumors
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Characteristics of Benign and Malignant Tumors

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Questions and Answers

What is the difference between hyperplasia and neoplasia in terms of function?

  • Hyperplasia has no useful function, while neoplasia has a useful function
  • Hyperplasia has a limited growth, while neoplasia has an unlimited growth
  • Hyperplasia has no stimulus, while neoplasia has a stimulus
  • Hyperplasia has a useful function, while neoplasia has no useful function (correct)

    • What is the main function of a tumor?

  • To multiply and increase in size (correct)
  • To stop the growth of normal cells
  • To perform a useful function to the host
  • To secret hormones

    • What are the two basic components of a neoplasm?

  • The neoplastic cells and the host's immune system
  • The neoplastic cells and the normal cells
  • The neoplastic cells and the supporting stroma & vessels derived from the host (correct)
  • The neoplastic cells and the hormones

    • What is the difference between benign and malignant tumors in terms of recurrence?

    <p>Benign tumors do not recur, while malignant tumors always recur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of tumors based on their behavior?

    <p>Biological classification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between benign and malignant tumors in terms of prognosis?

    <p>Benign tumors have a good prognosis, while malignant tumors have a bad prognosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between epithelial and mesenchymal tumors?

    <p>Epithelial tumors originate from epithelial cells, while mesenchymal tumors originate from mesenchymal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of tumors or neoplasms?

    <p>Oncology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tumors is lymphatic spread more common in?

    <p>Epithelial tumors (Carcinoma)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of lymphatic permeation in the affected area?

    <p>Localized obstructive oedema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which tumor cells invade lymphatic vessels?

    <p>Invasion of the lymphatic vessel wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do emboli derived from tumors in organs drained by the portal blood first metastasize?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tumors is blood spread more common in?

    <p>Mesenchymal tumors (Sarcoma)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of metastasis?

    <p>Development of secondary malignant implants discontinuous with the primary tumor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the lymph node structure in lymphatic spread?

    <p>It is destroyed and replaced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of carcinoma is lymphatic permeation a common occurrence?

    <p>Breast carcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between anaplastic tumors and malignant tumors?

    <p>Anaplastic tumors have a better prognosis than malignant tumors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of anaplastic tumors?

    <p>They are locally invasive and destructive to the surrounding tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sign that a benign tumor may be changing into a malignant tumor?

    <p>Increased rate of growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do malignant cells spread in the body?

    <p>Along lines of least resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the spread of malignant cells to distant sites?

    <p>Metastasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do malignant cells have an advantage in spreading through the body?

    <p>They are less adherent to each other than normal cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of surgical excision of malignant tumors with a safety margin?

    <p>To remove the tumor with a large margin of surrounding tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of metastasis?

    <p>The development of secondary malignant implants, discontinuous with the primary tumor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of metastasis?

    <p>Development of secondary malignant implants, discontinuous with the primary tumor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common site of metastasis?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the route of metastasis for tumors in organs drained by the vertebral system of veins?

    <p>Blood spread</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the microscopic appearance of metastases?

    <p>Resemble the primary tumor from which they are derived</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of implantation metastasis?

    <p>Surgical implantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of benign tumors in hollow organs?

    <p>They cause obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common effect of benign tumors on vital organs?

    <p>They compress vital centers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for metastasis through the serous cavities?

    <p>Transcoelomic spread</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of lymphatic spread?

    <p>Metastasis through the lymphatic system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of benign tumors in terms of endocrine function?

    <p>They have a regulated endocrine function, as in pituitary and thyroid adenoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the gross pattern of benign tumors?

    <p>They have a spherical or ovoid shape in solid organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for metastasis that occurs in muscles, spleen, pancreas, and intestine?

    <p>Rare sites of metastasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the cut section of benign tumors?

    <p>It has a uniform pattern</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of malignant tumors?

    <p>They have a large size and irregular shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the microscopic pattern of malignant tumors?

    <p>They have a large nucleus and a high N/C ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of poorly differentiated malignant tumors?

    <p>They have a high N/C ratio and abnormal mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of differentiation in malignant tumors?

    <p>It can be well, moderately, or poorly differentiated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the growth rate of malignant tumors?

    <p>It is faster than benign tumors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Benign Tumors

    • Benign tumors can compress vital centers such as the brain, spinal cord, trachea, or heart.
    • They can also arise in hollow organs, causing obstruction, such as in the intestine, esophagus, trachea, or ureter.
    • Benign tumors may have endocrine functions, such as pituitary and thyroid adenoma.

    Gross Morphology of Benign Tumors

    • Size: Usually small
    • Shape: Spherical or ovoid in solid organs, polypoid or papillary in surface epithelium
    • Capsule: Capsulated
    • Margins: Well-defined
    • Cut section: Uniform, no necrosis or hemorrhage, 2ry degenerative changes (cyst, hyaline, or myxoid)

    Malignant Tumors

    • Gross pattern: Irregular, infiltrative, and fixed to surrounding tissue, ulcerating, and fungating
    • Size: Usually large
    • Shape: Irregular
    • Capsule: Non-capsulated
    • Margins: Ill-defined
    • Cut section: Necrosis and hemorrhage, infiltrative, and ulcerating

    Microscopic Pattern of Malignant Tumors

    • Differentiation: Well, moderate, or poorly differentiated
    • Shape & size: Large, pleomorphic
    • N/C ratio: Increased
    • Nucleus: Large, hyperchromatic
    • Nucleolus: Prominent, may be multiple
    • Mitosis: Frequent, abnormal
    • Necrosis: Present
    • Haemorrhage: Present
    • Stroma: Less formed, more vascular

    Comparison between Hyperplasia and Neoplasia

    • Function: Hyperplasia has useful function, neoplasia has no useful function
    • Stimulus: Hyperplasia is excited by a stimulus, neoplasia is independent of a stimulus
    • Limitation: Hyperplasia is limited, stops on removal of stimulus, neoplasia is not limited and proceeds independently
    • Cellular morphology: Hyperplasia has normal cells, neoplasia has abnormal cells

    Classification of Tumors

    • Biological classification: According to their behavior (benign or malignant)
    • Histological classification: According to tissue of origin (epithelial, mesenchymal, or others)

    Spread of Malignant Tumors (Metastasis)

    • Routes of spread: Direct or local spread, distant spread (metastasis)
    • Mechanism: Motility of malignant cells, secretion of substances that dissolve ground substances, and facilitation of infiltration
    • Definition: Development of secondary malignant implants, discontinuous with the primary tumor
    • Lymphatic spread: More common in epithelial tumors, occurs through lymphatic embolism or permeation
    • Blood spread: More common in mesenchymal tumors, occurs through blood vessels
    • Transcoelomic spread: Occurs through serous cavities, such as in tumors of organs covered by serous membranes
    • Implantation: Occurs through surgical implantation, transluminal implantation, or other mechanisms

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    Description

    This quiz covers the characteristics and properties of benign and malignant tumors, including their size, shape, and effects on organs.

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