42 Questions
What is the difference between hyperplasia and neoplasia in terms of function?
Hyperplasia has a useful function, while neoplasia has no useful function
What is the main function of a tumor?
To multiply and increase in size
What are the two basic components of a neoplasm?
The neoplastic cells and the supporting stroma & vessels derived from the host
What is the difference between benign and malignant tumors in terms of recurrence?
Benign tumors do not recur, while malignant tumors always recur
What is the classification of tumors based on their behavior?
Biological classification
What is the difference between benign and malignant tumors in terms of prognosis?
Benign tumors have a good prognosis, while malignant tumors have a bad prognosis
What is the difference between epithelial and mesenchymal tumors?
Epithelial tumors originate from epithelial cells, while mesenchymal tumors originate from mesenchymal cells
What is the term for the study of tumors or neoplasms?
Oncology
Which type of tumors is lymphatic spread more common in?
Epithelial tumors (Carcinoma)
What is the result of lymphatic permeation in the affected area?
Localized obstructive oedema
What is the mechanism by which tumor cells invade lymphatic vessels?
Invasion of the lymphatic vessel wall
Where do emboli derived from tumors in organs drained by the portal blood first metastasize?
Liver
Which type of tumors is blood spread more common in?
Mesenchymal tumors (Sarcoma)
What is the definition of metastasis?
Development of secondary malignant implants discontinuous with the primary tumor
What happens to the lymph node structure in lymphatic spread?
It is destroyed and replaced
In which type of carcinoma is lymphatic permeation a common occurrence?
Breast carcinoma
What is the main difference between anaplastic tumors and malignant tumors?
Anaplastic tumors have a better prognosis than malignant tumors.
What is a characteristic of anaplastic tumors?
They are locally invasive and destructive to the surrounding tissues.
What is a sign that a benign tumor may be changing into a malignant tumor?
Increased rate of growth
How do malignant cells spread in the body?
Along lines of least resistance
What is the term for the spread of malignant cells to distant sites?
Metastasis
Why do malignant cells have an advantage in spreading through the body?
They are less adherent to each other than normal cells.
What is the purpose of surgical excision of malignant tumors with a safety margin?
To remove the tumor with a large margin of surrounding tissue
What is the definition of metastasis?
The development of secondary malignant implants, discontinuous with the primary tumor
What is the definition of metastasis?
Development of secondary malignant implants, discontinuous with the primary tumor
What is the most common site of metastasis?
Liver
What is the route of metastasis for tumors in organs drained by the vertebral system of veins?
Blood spread
What is the microscopic appearance of metastases?
Resemble the primary tumor from which they are derived
What is an example of implantation metastasis?
Surgical implantation
What is a characteristic of benign tumors in hollow organs?
They cause obstruction
What is a common effect of benign tumors on vital organs?
They compress vital centers
What is the term for metastasis through the serous cavities?
Transcoelomic spread
What is the definition of lymphatic spread?
Metastasis through the lymphatic system
What is a characteristic of benign tumors in terms of endocrine function?
They have a regulated endocrine function, as in pituitary and thyroid adenoma
What is a characteristic of the gross pattern of benign tumors?
They have a spherical or ovoid shape in solid organs
What is the term for metastasis that occurs in muscles, spleen, pancreas, and intestine?
Rare sites of metastasis
What is a characteristic of the cut section of benign tumors?
It has a uniform pattern
What is a characteristic of malignant tumors?
They have a large size and irregular shape
What is a characteristic of the microscopic pattern of malignant tumors?
They have a large nucleus and a high N/C ratio
What is a characteristic of poorly differentiated malignant tumors?
They have a high N/C ratio and abnormal mitosis
What is a characteristic of differentiation in malignant tumors?
It can be well, moderately, or poorly differentiated
What is a characteristic of the growth rate of malignant tumors?
It is faster than benign tumors
Study Notes
Benign Tumors
- Benign tumors can compress vital centers such as the brain, spinal cord, trachea, or heart.
- They can also arise in hollow organs, causing obstruction, such as in the intestine, esophagus, trachea, or ureter.
- Benign tumors may have endocrine functions, such as pituitary and thyroid adenoma.
Gross Morphology of Benign Tumors
- Size: Usually small
- Shape: Spherical or ovoid in solid organs, polypoid or papillary in surface epithelium
- Capsule: Capsulated
- Margins: Well-defined
- Cut section: Uniform, no necrosis or hemorrhage, 2ry degenerative changes (cyst, hyaline, or myxoid)
Malignant Tumors
- Gross pattern: Irregular, infiltrative, and fixed to surrounding tissue, ulcerating, and fungating
- Size: Usually large
- Shape: Irregular
- Capsule: Non-capsulated
- Margins: Ill-defined
- Cut section: Necrosis and hemorrhage, infiltrative, and ulcerating
Microscopic Pattern of Malignant Tumors
- Differentiation: Well, moderate, or poorly differentiated
- Shape & size: Large, pleomorphic
- N/C ratio: Increased
- Nucleus: Large, hyperchromatic
- Nucleolus: Prominent, may be multiple
- Mitosis: Frequent, abnormal
- Necrosis: Present
- Haemorrhage: Present
- Stroma: Less formed, more vascular
Comparison between Hyperplasia and Neoplasia
- Function: Hyperplasia has useful function, neoplasia has no useful function
- Stimulus: Hyperplasia is excited by a stimulus, neoplasia is independent of a stimulus
- Limitation: Hyperplasia is limited, stops on removal of stimulus, neoplasia is not limited and proceeds independently
- Cellular morphology: Hyperplasia has normal cells, neoplasia has abnormal cells
Classification of Tumors
- Biological classification: According to their behavior (benign or malignant)
- Histological classification: According to tissue of origin (epithelial, mesenchymal, or others)
Spread of Malignant Tumors (Metastasis)
- Routes of spread: Direct or local spread, distant spread (metastasis)
- Mechanism: Motility of malignant cells, secretion of substances that dissolve ground substances, and facilitation of infiltration
- Definition: Development of secondary malignant implants, discontinuous with the primary tumor
- Lymphatic spread: More common in epithelial tumors, occurs through lymphatic embolism or permeation
- Blood spread: More common in mesenchymal tumors, occurs through blood vessels
- Transcoelomic spread: Occurs through serous cavities, such as in tumors of organs covered by serous membranes
- Implantation: Occurs through surgical implantation, transluminal implantation, or other mechanisms
This quiz covers the characteristics and properties of benign and malignant tumors, including their size, shape, and effects on organs.
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