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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the peptidoglycan layer in bacterial cells?
What is the primary function of the peptidoglycan layer in bacterial cells?
- To facilitate the transport of nutrients
- To produce ATP through anaerobic respiration
- To provide structural support and maintain cell shape (correct)
- To regulate the cell's metabolism
Which type of bacteria is characterized by a thick peptidoglycan layer and retains Gram stain?
Which type of bacteria is characterized by a thick peptidoglycan layer and retains Gram stain?
- Aerobic
- Gram-negative
- Anaerobic
- Gram-positive (correct)
What is the primary mechanism of bacterial reproduction in which a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells?
What is the primary mechanism of bacterial reproduction in which a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells?
- Conjugation
- Sporulation
- Binary fission (correct)
- Fermentation
What is the term for the process by which bacteria produce ATP and byproducts in the absence of oxygen?
What is the term for the process by which bacteria produce ATP and byproducts in the absence of oxygen?
Which type of bacteria is characterized by a requirement for oxygen for growth?
Which type of bacteria is characterized by a requirement for oxygen for growth?
What is the term for the mutualistic relationships between bacteria and other organisms?
What is the term for the mutualistic relationships between bacteria and other organisms?
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Study Notes
Characteristics of Bacteria
- Size: Typically 0.5-5.0 μm in diameter
- Shape: Spherical (cocci), rod-shaped (bacilli), or spiral (spirilla)
- Cell wall: Peptidoglycan (also known as murein) provides structural support and maintains cell shape
- Cell membrane: Semi-permeable, allowing for selective transport of nutrients and waste
Types of Bacteria
- Gram-positive: Thick peptidoglycan layer, retaining Gram stain
- Examples: Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Bacillus
- Gram-negative: Thin peptidoglycan layer, not retaining Gram stain
- Examples: Escherichia, Pseudomonas, Salmonella
- Anaerobic: Do not require oxygen for growth
- Examples: Clostridium, Bacteroides
- Aerobic: Require oxygen for growth
- Examples: Pseudomonas, Bacillus
Bacterial Metabolism
- Nutrition: Autotrophic (produce own food) or heterotrophic (obtain food from environment)
- Respiration: Aerobic (oxygen-dependent) or anaerobic (oxygen-independent)
- Fermentation: Anaerobic process, producing ATP and byproducts (e.g., lactic acid, ethanol)
Bacterial Reproduction
- Binary fission: Division of a single cell into two identical daughter cells
- Sporulation: Formation of highly resistant, dormant cells (spores) in response to adverse conditions
- Conjugation: Direct transfer of genetic material between bacteria
Bacterial Interactions
- Symbiosis: Mutualistic relationships between bacteria and other organisms
- Examples: gut flora, mycorrhizal fungi
- Pathogenesis: Bacterial infection and disease
- Examples: Tuberculosis, Salmonella food poisoning
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