Chapter 8 Skeletal System Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following are functions of the skeletal system? (Select all that apply)

Stores minerals (correct)
Enables movement (correct)
Produces hormones
Supports body weight (correct)

What is the term for a bone structure that is longer than wide?

Long bone

What is a short bone?

Bone that includes wrist and ankle bones.

What are flat bones?

Bones that include the skull and sternum. Signup and view all the answers

What describes an irregular bone?

Bones such as hip bones and vertebrae. Signup and view all the answers

What is ossification?

Bone formation. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of bone? (Select all that apply)

Compact (A), Spongy (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is an osteon?

The structural unit of compact bone. Signup and view all the answers

What is the shaft of a long bone?

A long, narrow part of the bone. Signup and view all the answers

What are trabeculae?

Plate arrangement of spongy bone. Signup and view all the answers

What is spongy bone also called?

Cancellous bone. Signup and view all the answers

What is the scientific name for bone tissue?

Osseous tissue. Signup and view all the answers

What are osteoblasts?

Bone cells that secrete an intercellular matrix. Signup and view all the answers

What is compact bone?

Dense hard bone tissue found primarily in the shafts of long bones. Signup and view all the answers

What is diaphysis?

The long shaft of the bone. Signup and view all the answers

What is an epiphysis?

The ends of the long bone. Signup and view all the answers

What is the epiphyseal disc?

Also called the growth plate. Signup and view all the answers

What is the medullary cavity?

The hollow center of the diaphysis containing yellow bone marrow. Signup and view all the answers

What is the endosteum?

Connective tissue that lines the medullary cavity. Signup and view all the answers

What is the periosteum?

Tough, fibrous connective tissue covering the outside of the diaphysis. Signup and view all the answers

What is articular cartilage?

Hyaline cartilage that covers ends of bones in synovial joints. Signup and view all the answers

What are osteoclasts?

Bone-destroying cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is bone resorption?

Process whereby osteoclasts break down bone matrix. Signup and view all the answers

What is the axial skeleton?

Part of the skeleton that includes the skull and spinal column. Signup and view all the answers

What is the appendicular skeleton?

Part of the skeleton that includes the pectoral and pelvic girdles and limbs. Signup and view all the answers

What is the cranium?

Part of the skull that encloses the brain. Signup and view all the answers

What is the frontal bone?

Skull bone that forms the forehead and bony eye sockets. Signup and view all the answers

What do parietal bones form?

Most of the roof and upper sides of the cranium. Signup and view all the answers

What are temporal bones?

Bones on the side of the head near the ears. Signup and view all the answers

What is the external auditory meatus?

Opening for the ear. Signup and view all the answers

What is the zygomatic process?

Part of the temporal bone that forms part of the cheekbone. Signup and view all the answers

What is the styloid process?

Sharp projection from the bottom of the temporal bone. Signup and view all the answers

What is the mastoid process?

Part of the temporal bone that attaches to some neck muscles. Signup and view all the answers

What is the occipital bone?

Bone found at the back and base of the skull. Signup and view all the answers

What is the foramen magnum?

Large opening in the occipital bone for the spinal cord. Signup and view all the answers

What are condyles?

Bony projections that sit on the first vertebra. Signup and view all the answers

What is the sphenoid bone?

Butterfly-shaped bone that forms part of the floor and sides of the cranium. Signup and view all the answers

What is the sella turcica?

Depression in the sphenoid bone that holds the pituitary gland. Signup and view all the answers

What is the ethmoid bone?

Irregularly shaped bone located between the eye orbits. Signup and view all the answers

What is the mandible?

The lower jaw bone. Signup and view all the answers

What is the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)?

Area of connection between the temporal and mandibular bones. Signup and view all the answers

What is the maxilla?

Upper jaw bone. Signup and view all the answers

What do palatine bones form?

The posterior part of the hard palate. Signup and view all the answers

What are zygomatic bones?

Cheekbones. Signup and view all the answers

What are sinuses?

Air spaces within the skull. Signup and view all the answers

What are paranasal sinuses?

Four sinuses surrounding the nasal structures. Signup and view all the answers

What is a suture?

Immovable joint in the cranium. Signup and view all the answers

What is microcephalia?

When the sutures fuse too early. Signup and view all the answers

What is hydrocephalus?

Increased amount of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain. Signup and view all the answers

What is the hyoid bone?

U-shaped bone in the upper neck. Signup and view all the answers

What are ossicles?

Three tiny bones in the middle ear. Signup and view all the answers

What is the vertebral column?

Also called the backbone; consists of 26 bones called vertebrae. Signup and view all the answers

What are vertebrae?

26 small bones that make up the backbone. Signup and view all the answers

What is the vertebra prominens?

The 7th cervical vertebra. Signup and view all the answers

What is the sacrum?

Forms the posterior wall of the pelvis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the coccyx?

The tailbone. Signup and view all the answers

What is the atlas?

The first cervical vertebra (C1). Signup and view all the answers

What is the axis?

The second cervical vertebra (C2). Signup and view all the answers

What is the vertebral foramen?

Opening for the spinal cord. Signup and view all the answers

What is spina bifida?

Failure of the lamina to fuse during fetal development. Signup and view all the answers

What is scoliosis?

Abnormal lateral curvature of the thoracic spine. Signup and view all the answers

What is kyphosis?

Exaggerated posterior curvature of the thoracic spine. Signup and view all the answers

What is lordosis?

An exaggerated lumbar curvature of the spine. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of vertebrae in the back? (Select all that apply)

Thoracic (B), Atlas (C), Axis (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does thorax refer to?

The chest region. Signup and view all the answers

What is the sternum?

The breastbone. Signup and view all the answers

What is the manubrium?

The upper part of the breastbone. Signup and view all the answers

What is the xiphoid process?

The structure made of cartilage forming the lower portion of the sternum. Signup and view all the answers

What are true ribs? (Select all that apply)

First 7 pairs of ribs (A), Attach directly to the sternum (C) Signup and view all the answers

What are false ribs? (Select all that apply)

Attach indirectly to the sternum (B), Last 5 pairs of ribs (D) Signup and view all the answers

What are floating ribs? (Select all that apply)

Last 2 pairs of ribs (C), Do not attach to the sternum (D) Signup and view all the answers

What are intercostal muscles?

Muscles located between the ribs. Signup and view all the answers

What are costal margins?

The edges of the cartilage forming an angle near the xiphoid process. Signup and view all the answers

What is the shoulder girdle?

Also called the pectoral girdle. Signup and view all the answers

What is the clavicle?

Also called the collarbone. Signup and view all the answers

What is the scapula?

The shoulder blade. Signup and view all the answers

What is the glenoid cavity?

Articulates with the humerus to form the shoulder joint. Signup and view all the answers

What is the pelvic girdle?

Consists of the ilium, ischium, and pubis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the obturator foramen?

Largest foramen in the body. Signup and view all the answers

What are trochanters?

Proximal end of the femur. Signup and view all the answers

What is the tibial tuberosity?

Protuberance site of attachment for thigh muscles. Signup and view all the answers

What is the medial malleolus?

Inner ankle bone. Signup and view all the answers

What is the lateral malleolus?

Outer ankle bone. Signup and view all the answers

What is an articulation?

Joint; the site where two bones meet. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of joints? (Select all that apply)

Slightly movable (A), Freely movable (B), Immovable (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a joint capsule?

Connective tissue that encloses the joint. Signup and view all the answers

What is synovial fluid?

Joint-lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane. Signup and view all the answers

What are bursae?

Sacs of synovial fluid outside of the joint. Signup and view all the answers

What are supporting ligaments?

Surround the joints and stabilize them. Signup and view all the answers

What is a hinge joint?

Allows movement in one direction. Signup and view all the answers

What is a ball-and-socket joint?

Rounded end of one bone fits into the cup-like end of another bone. Signup and view all the answers

What is a pivot joint?

A joint that allows one bone to rotate around another. Signup and view all the answers

What is a saddle joint?

Found at the base of the thumb allowing for thumb rotation. Signup and view all the answers

What is a gliding joint?

Allows one bone to slide over another. Signup and view all the answers

What is a condyloid joint?

Makes movement in multiple planes, but rotation is not possible. Signup and view all the answers

What are the medial and lateral meniscus?

Two crescent-shaped pads of cartilage that stabilize the knee. Signup and view all the answers

What are cruciate ligaments?

Type of ligaments found at the center of the knee joint. Signup and view all the answers

What is flexion?

Act of bending a joint. Signup and view all the answers

What is extension?

Act of stretching or straightening out a flexed limb. Signup and view all the answers

What is plantar flexion?

Bending the sole of the foot or pointing the toes downward. Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Functions of the Skeletal System

Supports body weight and protects vital organs.
Enables movement in coordination with muscles.
Stores essential minerals such as calcium and phosphorus.
Contains bone marrow responsible for blood cell production.

Types of Bones

Long Bones: Include arms, legs, and fingers; longer than wide.
Short Bones: Found in wrists and ankles.
Flat Bones: Comprise the skull and sternum.
Irregular Bones: Include hip bones and vertebrae.

Bone Characteristics

Ossification: Process of bone formation.
Types of Bone: Compact (hard) and spongy (soft).
Osteon: The structural unit of compact bone, also known as the Haversian system.
Trabeculae: Plate arrangement characteristic of spongy bone.

Bone Structure

Diaphysis: The long shaft made of compact bone.
Epiphysis: Ends of long bones, covered by cartilage and form joints.
Medullary Cavity: Hollow center of diaphysis containing yellow bone marrow.
Endosteum: Connective tissue lining the medullary cavity.
Periosteum: Tough connective tissue covering the outer surface of bones.
Articular Cartilage: Covers the ends of bones in synovial joints.

Bone Cells

Osteoblasts: Bone-forming cells that secrete minerals and protein fibers.
Osteoclasts: Cells responsible for bone resorption and breakdown of bone matrix.

Skeleton Overview

Axial Skeleton: Includes the skull, spinal column, sternum, and ribs.
Appendicular Skeleton: Comprises the pectoral and pelvic girdles plus upper and lower limbs.

Specific Skull Bones

Cranium: Protects the brain.
Frontal Bone: Forms the forehead and eye sockets.
Parietal Bones: Form the upper sides and roof of the cranium.
Temporal Bones: Located at the sides of the head, near the ears, housing the auditory meatus.
Occipital Bone: Found at the back of the skull; contains the foramen magnum for spinal cord attachment.
Mandible: The lower jawbone, only movable in the skull.
Maxilla: Upper jaw bone.

Ribs and Breasts

True Ribs: First seven pairs, attach directly to the sternum.
False Ribs: Last five pairs, attach indirectly to the sternum.
Floating Ribs: Last two pairs, do not attach to the sternum.
Sternum: Comprises the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process.

Vertebral Column Anatomy

Composed of 26 vertebrae: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx.
Atlas and Axis: Allow for movement of the head (nodding and rotation).
Intervertebral Foramina: Openings for nerves.
Spina Bifida: Condition resulting from failure of the lamina to fuse during development.

Joints and Movement

Joint types: immovable, slightly movable, and freely movable.
Synovial Fluid: Lubricates joints, secreted by the synovial membrane.
Joint types include hinge (elbow), ball-and-socket (shoulder), pivot (neck), and more.
Meniscus: Cartilage pads in the knee aiding stability.

Movements

Flexion: Bending a joint.
Extension: Straightening a flexed limb.
Plantar Flexion: Pointing toes downward.

Additional Anatomical Features

Obturator Foramen: Largest foramen in the body formed by pelvic bone fusion.
Trochanters: Sites on the femur for muscle attachment.
Medial and Lateral Malleolus: Bones at the inner and outer ankle.

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