Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of these bone types is responsible for protecting internal organs? (Select all that apply)
Which of these bone types is responsible for protecting internal organs? (Select all that apply)
Short bones are primarily responsible for leverage and movement in the body.
Short bones are primarily responsible for leverage and movement in the body.
False (B)
Name two examples of bones classified as long bones.
Name two examples of bones classified as long bones.
Examples of long bones include the femur (thigh bone), humerus (upper arm bone), radius (lower arm bone), and ulna (lower arm bone).
The ______ bones are found in the wrist, while the ______ bones are found in the ankle.
The ______ bones are found in the wrist, while the ______ bones are found in the ankle.
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Match the following bone types with their primary function:
Match the following bone types with their primary function:
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The ______ is a type of cartilage found at the ends of long bones, in joints, and in the nose and ears.
The ______ is a type of cartilage found at the ends of long bones, in joints, and in the nose and ears.
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The sacrum and coccyx are fused at birth.
The sacrum and coccyx are fused at birth.
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What is the primary function of ligaments?
What is the primary function of ligaments?
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What is the main difference between true ribs and false ribs?
What is the main difference between true ribs and false ribs?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of skeletal joint?
Which of the following is NOT a type of skeletal joint?
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The process of bone repair begins with the formation of a ______.
The process of bone repair begins with the formation of a ______.
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Describe the function of the epiphyseal plates.
Describe the function of the epiphyseal plates.
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Osteoblasts are responsible for breaking down old bone tissue.
Osteoblasts are responsible for breaking down old bone tissue.
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What does the term 'abduction' refer to?
What does the term 'abduction' refer to?
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Study Notes
Bone Classification
- Long Bones: Leverage for movement; cylindrical shape; found in arms, legs, hands, and feet.
- Short Bones: Support and facilitate movement; cube-shaped; carpals and tarsals.
- Flat Bones: Protect internal organs; thin, round, or flat; skull (upper), ribs, hips, sternum.
- Sesamoid Bones: Reinforcement and stress reduction on tendons; small, round, embedded in tendons (often near joints).
- Irregular Bones: Protect internal organs; complex shapes; vertebrae, sacrum, and parts of the face (lower).
Axial Skeleton
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Vertebral Column: Central vertical axis; protects vital organs.
- Cervical: Neck (C1-C7). C1 (atlas) holds skull, C2 (axis) with dens to hold C1.
- Thoracic: Mid/upper back, heart shape; T1-T12. Longer transverse processes for rib attachment.
- Lumbar: Lower back, boxy; L1-L5; wider for weight-bearing.
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Thoracic Cage: Sternum anchors ribs; 12 pairs of ribs.
- True Ribs: 1-7; connect to sternum with costal cartilage.
- False Ribs: 8-10; costal cartilages attach to the cartilage of the next higher rib.
- Floating Ribs: 11-12; attach only to the vertebral column (back for kidneys).
- Skull: Includes ossicles (inner ear) and hyoid (tongue base); floating. Sacrum and coccyx are separate at birth and fuse by age 20.
Appendicular Skeleton
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Pectoral Girdle: Clavicle (collarbone) and scapula (shoulder blade); attach upper limbs to axial skeleton.
- Arms: Humerus, radius, ulna.
- Hands: Carpals, metacarpals, phalanges.
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Pelvic Girdle: Hip bone, pubic symphysis; attach lower limbs to axial skeleton.
- Legs: Femur, patella, fibula, tibia.
- Feet: Tarsals, calcaneus, metatarsals, phalanges.
Epiphyseal Plates
- Growth plates; hyaline cartilage at the end of long bones, for new cell addition to the bone.
Joint Classification
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Fibrous Joints: Protection, strength, stability; mostly immovable, a few slightly movable; no joint cavity.
- Sutures: Skull.
- Syndesmosis: Between tibia and fibula.
- Gomphosis: Tooth sockets.
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Cartilaginous Joints: Strength, shock absorption, limited movement; bones connected by cartilage; no joint cavity.
- Ribs, pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs.
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Synovial Joints: Stability, movement, friction reduction, shock absorption; freely movable, closed space (joint cavity) with synovial fluid.
- Knee, elbow, hip, hands, and feet.
Supporting Structures
- Ligaments: Connect bone-to-bone/cartilage; tough, fibrous bands for stability, preventing dislocations, and protecting joints.
- Tendons: Connect muscle to bone; thick, fibrous cords; create movement when muscles contract.
- Cartilage: Smooth, flexible tissue at bone ends and in joints; reduces friction, absorbs shock, and cushions.
Internal Bone Structure
- Osteoblast: Secrete collagen and hydroxyapatite; create new bone tissue.
- Osteocyte: Trapped within bone matrix; maintain bone health.
- Osteoclast: Secrete enzymes to reabsorb old bone.
Bone Chemistry
- Calcium Absorption: Vitamin D diffuses across intestinal cells, binds to intracellular receptors, triggering channel protein production for increased calcium absorption.
- Osseous Bone Tissue: Collagen fiber matrix, living cells, and inorganic compounds (calcium carbonate, hydroxyapatite, inorganic salts).
Fracture Repair
- Hematoma Formation: Blood vessels break, form clots, disrupt blood flow, and kill surrounding bone cells.
- Internal Callus Formation: Chondrocytes secrete fibrocartilaginous matrix between broken ends (48 hrs after).
- External Callus Formation: Periosteal chondrocytes and osteoblasts add hyaline cartilage and new bone; stabilize externally.
- Endochondral Ossification: Begins inside callus.
- Healed Fracture: Internal and external calluses unite; compact bone replaces spongy.
Motion Terms
- Abduction: Movement away from the body.
- Adduction: Movement toward the body.
- Extension: Increases angle of a joint.
- Flexion: Decreases angle of a joint.
- Supination: Palm up.
- Pronation: Palm down.
- Dorsiflexion: Flexed foot.
- Plantar Flexion: Pointed foot.
- Lateral Rotation: Rotating outward.
- Medial Rotation: Rotating inward.
- Circumduction: Rotation from a joint like shoulder.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the different types of bones in the human body and their functions. This quiz covers aspects like bone classification, joint types, and specific functions of skeletal components. Assess your understanding of human anatomy fundamentals!
