Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the main function of the Haversian system in bones?
Which type of bone is characterized by being subjected to pressure and having a thin cortex of compact bone?
During which stage of ossification does the primary center form the diaphysis?
What type of bone contains air spaces and is typically found in the skull?
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What forms the epiphyseal plate during cartilage ossification?
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Which of the following is a considered long bone?
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Which of the following describes compact bone?
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The nutrient artery supplies which of the following?
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Which of the following describes the primary ossification center?
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What is the main source of blood supply to outer compact bone?
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What is the main function of cartilage in the skeletal system?
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Which part of a long bone is the diaphysis?
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Which type of bone forms the surface layer of all bones?
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Which of the following is NOT a site where cartilage is retained in adulthood?
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What distinguishes cancellous bone from compact bone?
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Study Notes
Skeletal System
- The skeletal system, also known as the skeleton, is composed of cartilage and bone.
- Cartilage is softer and less rigid than bone, forming the temporary skeleton of a developing fetus.
- Cartilage is retained throughout life in specific locations: articular cartilages, costal cartilages, air passages (nasal, laryngeal, tracheal, bronchial), and the external ear.
Types of Bones
- Long bones: Have a long, tubular shaft with a central medullary cavity. Examples include the humerus and femur. Small examples of long bones are metacarpals and phalanges.
- Short bones: Subjected to pressure, have a thin cortex of compact bone with interior cancellous bone. Examples include carpal and tarsal bones.
- Flat bones: Formed from inner and outer layers of compact bone with a spongy bone (diploe) layer between. Examples include the skull, ribs, sternum, and scapula.
- Irregular bones: Bones that don't fit easily into the other categories. Vertebrae are an example
- Pneumatic bones: Contain air spaces. Examples include the maxillary, sphenoidal, frontal, and ethmoidal sinuses, as well as the mastoid bone.
- Sesamoid bones: Small bones deposited in tendons of muscles to reduce friction. The patella is an example.
Bone Structure
- Diaphysis: The central, tubular region of a long bone.
- Medullary cavity: The lumen (inner hollow space) of the diaphysis.
- Metaphysis: The flared region connecting the diaphysis to the epiphysis. Contains a largely cancellous (spongy) interior.
- Epiphysis: The end of the bone. In growing individuals, the epiphysis is separated from the metaphysis by the epiphyseal plate (growth plate).
- Periosteum: A connective tissue sheath covering the outer surface of the bone.
- Spongy bone: Found inside the hard bone and forms the ends of long bones. Looks like a sponge. Contains red bone marrow.
- Compact bone: Forms the surface layer of all bones and the tubular shaft of long bones.
Bone Development
- Membranous ossification: Occurs in bones for protection of essential organs, such as the vault of the skull.
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Cartilaginous ossification: Formation of bone from cartilage models. Bone initially forms within hyaline cartilage, with two centers of ossification:
- Primary ossification center: Forms the diaphysis, appearing during fetal life.
- Secondary ossification centers: Form the epiphysis, appearing after birth. Epiphyseal cartilage remains between epiphysis and diaphysis until growth is complete.
Blood Supply of Bone
- The arterial supply of bone comes from three sources:
- Periosteal arteries: Supply the outer compact bone.
- Articular arteries: Supply the joints and ends of bones.
- Nutrient arteries: Enter the bone through a nutrient canal, dividing into branches to supply the marrow and inner compact bone.
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)
- Long bone example: Humerus
- Compact bone description: Found at the outer surface of all long bones
- Nutrient artery function: Supplies bone marrow of the shaft
- Primary ossification center description: Appears during fetal life in the middle of the shaft of the bone.
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Description
Test your knowledge about the skeletal system and its various types of bones. This quiz covers the composition and characteristics of long, short, flat, and irregular bones, as well as the role of cartilage in the human body. Perfect for biology students looking to reinforce their understanding of human anatomy.