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Questions and Answers
What is the main concern regarding proteins produced by artificial methods?
What is the main concern regarding proteins produced by artificial methods?
They can be immunogenic.
What type of organisms are used to manufacture recombinant forms of human insulin?
What type of organisms are used to manufacture recombinant forms of human insulin?
Escherichia coli bacterial genome
What is the main difference between gene therapy and traditional gene technology?
What is the main difference between gene therapy and traditional gene technology?
Gene therapy involves the transfer of DNA segments into the patient's body, whereas traditional gene technology involves the production of recombinant forms of drugs.
What is the purpose of the NIH Guidelines for Research Involving Recombinant DNA Molecules?
What is the purpose of the NIH Guidelines for Research Involving Recombinant DNA Molecules?
What is the goal of eugenics?
What is the goal of eugenics?
What is the current limitation of gene therapy research in the US?
What is the current limitation of gene therapy research in the US?
What is the reason for the NIH's restriction on funding gene therapy research in germ-line cells?
What is the reason for the NIH's restriction on funding gene therapy research in germ-line cells?
What is the significance of recombinant DNA technology in the production of insulin?
What is the significance of recombinant DNA technology in the production of insulin?
What is the role of viruses in gene therapy?
What is the role of viruses in gene therapy?
What is the main difference between gene therapy and traditional medicine?
What is the main difference between gene therapy and traditional medicine?
What is the primary unit of heredity in an organism, and what does it contain?
What is the primary unit of heredity in an organism, and what does it contain?
What is the difference between a genetic disease and an acquired disease?
What is the difference between a genetic disease and an acquired disease?
What is the purpose of the Human Genome Project?
What is the purpose of the Human Genome Project?
What are the four organic bases found in DNA?
What are the four organic bases found in DNA?
What is the goal of gene therapy?
What is the goal of gene therapy?
What is the primary focus of pharmacogenetics?
What is the primary focus of pharmacogenetics?
What is the process of introducing new genes into the body to fight a disease?
What is the process of introducing new genes into the body to fight a disease?
What is the ultimate goal of pharmacogenomics in terms of patient care?
What is the ultimate goal of pharmacogenomics in terms of patient care?
What is the purpose of recombinant DNA (rDNA) in gene therapy?
What is the purpose of recombinant DNA (rDNA) in gene therapy?
What is a crucial aspect of a nurse's role in pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics?
What is a crucial aspect of a nurse's role in pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics?
What are the limitations of gene therapy?
What are the limitations of gene therapy?
What should a nurse do when faced with a situation that may warrant further genetic testing?
What should a nurse do when faced with a situation that may warrant further genetic testing?
What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
Why is it essential for nurses to maintain confidentiality and privacy when dealing with genetic information?
Why is it essential for nurses to maintain confidentiality and privacy when dealing with genetic information?
What should a nurse do when a patient's family member requests access to genetic test results?
What should a nurse do when a patient's family member requests access to genetic test results?
What is pharmacogenomics, and how is it related to gene therapy?
What is pharmacogenomics, and how is it related to gene therapy?
What is the primary responsibility of nurses in relation to genetic information?
What is the primary responsibility of nurses in relation to genetic information?
How does pharmacogenomics combine two scientific disciplines to improve drug therapy?
How does pharmacogenomics combine two scientific disciplines to improve drug therapy?
What is the ultimate goal of pharmacogenomics in terms of patient care?
What is the ultimate goal of pharmacogenomics in terms of patient care?
Why is it essential for nurses to identify resources for patients undergoing genetic testing?
Why is it essential for nurses to identify resources for patients undergoing genetic testing?
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Study Notes
Basic Principles of Genetic Inheritance
- Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA
- Chromosomes and genes, including alleles (dominant and recessive)
- Genotype and phenotype
- Inherited disease, genetic disease, and acquired disease
- Genetic predisposition
Genetics
- Defined as the study of the structure, function, and inheritance of genes
- Involves heredity, the qualities that are genetically transferred from one generation to the next during reproduction
- Includes genomics, the study of the structure, function, and inheritance of genes
Human Genome Project (HGP)
- Started in 1990 and completed in 2003
- Identified the estimated 30,000 genes and 3 billion base pairs in the DNA of an entire human genome
- Developed new tools for genetic data analysis and storage
Gene Therapy
- Experimental technique using genetic material to treat or prevent disease
- Methods include replacing a mutated gene with a healthy copy, introducing a new gene to help fight disease, and inactivating a mutated gene
- Gene transfer involves injecting DNA into the patient's body using viruses as vectors
- Limitations include the risk of viral disease and immunogenicity of proteins produced by artificial methods
rDNA Technology
- Involves the use of recombinant DNA vectors in the laboratory to make recombinant forms of drugs
- Examples include hormones, vaccines, antitoxins, and monoclonal antibodies
- Escherichia coli bacterial genome is used to manufacture recombinant human insulin
Regulatory and Ethical Issues
- National Institutes of Health (NIH) Guidelines for Research Involving Recombinant DNA Molecules
- Eugenics, or intentional selection before birth of genotypes considered more desirable than others, is a concern
- Gene therapy research in the US is limited to somatic cells, and germ-line (reproductive) cell therapy is not approved for funding by the NIH
Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics
- Pharmacogenetics: the study of genetic variations in drug response, focusing on single-gene variations
- Pharmacogenomics: the combination of pharmacology and genomics, involving how genetics affect the body's response to drugs
- Individualized drug therapy based on a patient's genetic makeup is a goal of pharmacogenomics
Nursing Implications
- Take thorough patient, family, and drug histories
- Recognize situations that may warrant further genetic testing
- Identify resources for patients and provide teaching
- Maintain confidentiality and ensure informed consent is obtained
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