DNA Profiling and Gene Therapy Techniques
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following techniques are used in DNA profiling?

  • PCR
  • Short Tandem Repeat analysis
  • Gel Electrophoresis
  • All of the above (correct)

    • The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique that amplifies a specific DNA segment.

    True (A)

    What is the primary goal of human gene therapy?

    To correct diseases by introducing new genes into affected individuals.

    The technique used to separate DNA fragments by size is called ______.

    <p>Gel Electrophoresis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gene therapy is a universally successful treatment for all genetic diseases.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their correct definitions:

    <p>PCR = A technique for amplifying a specific DNA segment STR analysis = Analyzes repeating DNA sequences to create a profile Gel Electrophoresis = Separates DNA fragments by size and charge Gene therapy = Aims to correct diseases by introducing new genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are bone marrow cells considered ideal targets for gene therapy?

    <p>They contain stem cells that give rise to all blood cell types and multiply throughout the lifespan.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a step involved in DNA profiling?

    <p>Transcribing and translating the new gene in the patient's body (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method used to separate DNA fragments by size in STR analysis?

    <p>Gel electrophoresis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In STR analysis, shorter DNA fragments move slower through the gel compared to longer fragments.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the repeating units in STR sites, and what is their typical length in nucleotides?

    <p>The repeating units in STR sites are short tandem repeats, typically four nucleotides long.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ is a database that stores STR profiles for forensic purposes.

    <p>CODIS (Combined DNA Index System)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these factors contributes to the movement of DNA fragments during gel electrophoresis?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms to their descriptions:

    <p>PCR = A technique used to amplify specific regions of DNA Gel electrophoresis = A method for separating molecules based on size and charge STR = Short tandem repeat sequences with variable lengths CODIS = A database used for storing and comparing STR profiles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The DNA profiling technique used in the Earl Washington case is based on the analysis of STR (Short Tandem Repeats) variations.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential application of DNA profiling?

    <p>Predicting future diseases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The high-throughput DNA sequencing machine shown in Figure 12.19 can process _____ bases in a 10-hour run.

    <p>half a billion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of bioinformatics?

    <p>To store and analyze biological data, especially DNA sequences, using computational methods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following individuals with their respective roles in the applications of DNA technology:

    <p>Earl Washington = Exonerated by DNA profiling Kenneth Tinsley = Pleaded guilty to the crime after DNA profiling Osama bin Laden = Identified through DNA profiling Marie Antoinette = Subject of historical DNA analysis Thomas Jefferson = Historical paternity case involving DNA analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method used to sequence entire genomes?

    <p>Whole-genome shotgun method (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Human Genome Project was completed in 2003 with 99.999% accuracy.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the public database that stores sequenced DNA data?

    <p>GenBank</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The human genome includes approximately ______ nucleotide pairs.

    <p>3 billion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following scientists with their contributions to DNA sequencing:

    <p>Frederick Sanger = Developed the Sanger sequencing method Craig Venter = Led the Celera Genomics effort to sequence the human genome Walter Gilbert = Developed a chemical method for DNA sequencing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organisms was the first to have its complete genome sequenced?

    <p>Haemophilus influenzae (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The size of an organism's genome is directly proportional to its complexity.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key application of genome sequencing in the field of medicine?

    <p>Cancer research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The human genome includes approximately ______ genes.

    <p>21,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following techniques involves passing single DNA strands through a nanopore?

    <p>Nanopore sequencing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of genomics?

    <p>Analyzing the complete set of genes and their interactions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Proteomics studies the full set of RNA molecules produced by a cell.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is metagenomics and how is it applied?

    <p>Metagenomics is the study of genetic material from environmental samples. It involves sequencing DNA from mixed populations, such as microbial communities, to identify and analyze the organisms present. This has applications in understanding microbial diversity and ecosystem function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Systems biology relies heavily on ______ and bioinformatics tools to model the dynamics of biological systems.

    <p>advanced computer technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their related fields:

    <p>Genomics = Study of whole sets of genes and their interactions Proteomics = Study of the complete set of proteins encoded by a genome Metagenomics = Study of DNA from environmental samples Systems biology = Modeling the dynamics of biological systems by analyzing interactions between their parts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a concern related to the use of genetically modified crops?

    <p>Reduced nutritional value in GM crops compared to non-GM counterparts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The European Union (EU) has wholeheartedly embraced the widespread adoption of genetically modified crops.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe two specific examples of safety measures used to minimize risks associated with DNA technology.

    <p>Two examples of safety measures are: 1. Implementing stringent laboratory procedures to prevent researcher infection and accidental release of engineered microorganisms. 2. Genetically crippling strains used in experiments to limit their survival outside the laboratory environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of non-coding DNA found in the human genome?

    <p>Introns (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sequencing of the Neanderthal genome revealed no evidence of interbreeding with modern humans.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the genes inherited from Neanderthals that influence keratin production?

    <p>These genes affect hair, nails, and skin development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Behcet's disease, a painful illness, is prevalent among individuals who live along the ancient ______.

    <p>Silk Road</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms related to the human genome with their correct descriptions:

    <p>Genome = The complete set of genetic instructions in an organism DNA = The molecule containing genetic instructions Gene = A unit of heredity that determines a particular trait Promoter = A regulatory region on DNA that initiates transcription Enhancer = A regulatory region on DNA that increases transcription microRNA = Small RNA molecules involved in gene regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cost and time required for genome sequencing have significantly increased over the years.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evidence suggests that Neanderthals and modern humans interbred?

    <p>The comparison of the Neanderthal genome to modern human genomes revealed shared genetic material.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is TRUE about Behcet's disease?

    <p>It is linked to the immune system's ability to fight infections. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Genetically modified (GM) plants can potentially contribute to the creation of 'superweeds', which are resistant to herbicides, diseases, or insect pests.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential ethical concern raised by human DNA technologies?

    <p>The development of new vaccines for infectious diseases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential concern regarding the widespread use of GM seeds?

    <p>Reduced natural genetic diversity and increased vulnerability to sudden environmental changes or new pests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Y chromosome, passed relatively unchanged from father to son, allows researchers to trace the ancestry of _____.

    <p>human males</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following human DNA technology applications with their corresponding ethical concerns.

    <p>Gene therapy = Tampering with human genes Genetic profiling = Privacy concerns Human growth hormone production = Access and equity concerns Genetic engineering of gametes and zygotes = Potential for designer babies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the Y chromosome is TRUE?

    <p>The Y chromosome is responsible for determining a person's sex. (A), The Y chromosome does not undergo recombination during meiosis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Genetic studies suggest that a significant proportion of men in central Asia share a common ancestor, potentially linking them to Genghis Khan.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern regarding the use of DNA profiling for crime solving?

    <p>The potential for sacrificing genetic privacy for security purposes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of genetic engineering?

    <p>To study and modify genetic material (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first exploration of genetic engineering was through modern cloning techniques.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do plasmids play in genetic engineering?

    <p>They serve as tools to carry genes and replicate them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of creating multiple copies of a gene is known as __________.

    <p>gene cloning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components with their respective roles in genetic engineering:

    <p>Restriction enzymes = Cut DNA at specific locations Bacterial plasmids = Carry and replicate genes Transgenic organisms = Contain genes from different species Gene cloning = Making multiple copies of a gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism is commonly used as a workhorse in genetic engineering?

    <p>Escherichia coli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gene transfer can only occur within the same species.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is recombinant DNA?

    <p>DNA formed by combining DNA from different sources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using genetically modified organisms in agriculture?

    <p>To enhance agricultural productivity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Genetically engineered human growth hormone (HGH) is effective for treating HGH deficiency in humans.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one crop that has been genetically modified to increase its nutritional value.

    <p>Golden Rice 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Genetically modified corn is resistant to the ____________, which reduces the need for chemical insecticides.

    <p>European corn borer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetically modified animal grows twice as large and reaches market size in half the normal time?

    <p>Faster-growing salmon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the genetically modified crops with their respective benefits:

    <p>Golden Rice 2 = Prevents vitamin A deficiency Insect-Resistant Corn = Reduces need for chemical insecticides Salt-Tolerant Rice = Grows in high-salinity conditions Cold-Resistant Strawberries = Resists cold weather</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacteria are more difficult to manipulate than yeast for genetic modifications.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of proteins can yeast be modified to produce?

    <p>Human proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of restriction enzymes?

    <p>To cut DNA at specific sequences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    CRISPR-Cas9 can only recognize one specific DNA sequence.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Humulin?

    <p>Human insulin produced by genetically modified bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ enzyme is responsible for joining DNA fragments together after they have been cut.

    <p>DNA ligase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the process of gene editing using CRISPR-Cas9?

    <p>Directly editing the DNA sequence by cutting and replacing it (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Insulin from cows or pigs was a preferred choice for diabetes treatment due to its effectiveness and low allergenicity.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cas9 operates like a _____, guided by the complementary RNA to pinpoint and cut target DNA.

    <p>guided missile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do guide RNA molecules play in the CRISPR-Cas9 system?

    <p>They ensure Cas9 cuts the DNA at the correct target sequence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific sequence does one restriction enzyme recognize?

    <p>GAATTC (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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