28 Questions
What type of violence is committed for emotions and not for profit?
Expressive violence
When did Canada abolish the marital exemption for sexual consent?
1983
What term replaced 'rape' in the Criminal Code in 1983?
Sexual assault
In what year did Italy abolish the marital exemption allowing a husband to rape his wife?
1993
What type of crime involves using violence as a means to an end to achieve a specific goal?
Instrumental crime
Which of the following is not one of the goals of victim-offender reconciliation programs?
Punishment of offenders
What is the connection between left realism and the views of British scholars Lea and Young?
Left realism is influenced by Lea and Young's work in the 1980s, which viewed street criminals as preying on the poor and disenfranchised.
What is the key idea behind the concept of 'pre-emptive deterrence' in community organization efforts?
Community organization efforts can reduce crime before it is necessary to use police intervention.
Which of the following factors can result in harsher treatment in the criminal justice system?
Being single, young, urban, and male
What is the key idea behind the concept of 'surplus value' in Marxist criminology?
The wealth produced by labor exceeds their wages, and that surplus wealth goes to the capitalist class as profit.
Which of the following theories emphasizes that crime is learned behavior through a combination of differential association and learning?
Differential reinforcement theory
What is the main characteristic of white-collar crime according to the text?
Uses the marketplace for criminal activities
According to the Price Waterhouse Survey mentioned, what is a common form of occupational crime?
Cheque fraud
Why did Geis argue that white-collar crime is more serious than street crime?
It destroys confidence
What did the 2002 KPMG survey highlight as a factor creating opportunities for fraud?
High turnover of middle level managers
Which type of crime involves illegal acts committed by government officials?
Government crime
What type of crimes include violations of safety standards and environmental pollution?
White-collar crimes
What is a key premise of social process theories regarding criminality?
Everyone has the potential to be criminal
Why are ages four to nine considered critical in terms of family relations according to the text?
During these ages, children are more susceptible to environmental influences
What effect does single parenthood have on children's likelihood of entering a criminal career?
Single parenthood increases economic stress, which can heighten the chances of entering a criminal career
According to social process theories, where does crime often occur in relation to educational experiences?
Crime occurs at school
What is the main concept of Differential Association theory proposed by Edwin H.?
Individuals learn criminal behavior through techniques and attitudes from significant others
How does social learning theory differ from labelling theory in explaining criminal behavior?
Social learning theory focuses on individual's interactions while labelling theory emphasizes self-identification with deviant labels
What type of white-collar crime involves financial fraud or get-rich schemes?
Stings and swindles
Which of the following is an example of occupational chiselling?
A pharmacist substituting generic drugs for brand-name drugs
Which of the following is NOT an example of individual exploitation of position?
Securities fraud, such as insider trading
Which type of white-collar crime involves the theft or misuse of funds by employees?
Embezzlement and employee fraud
In which area of business might influence peddling and bribery occur?
Government contracts
Test your understanding of social process theories and basic premises related to criminality as explained in Chapter 7. Explore concepts such as socialization, agents of socialization (family, school, peer groups, and religion), and the importance of family relations in terms of parenting styles.
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