Questions and Answers
Which of the following bone tissues is adapted to support weight and withstand tension stress? A) Spongy bone B) Irregular bone C) Compact bone D) Trabecular bone
Yellow bone marrow contains a large percentage of ________.
fat
The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the ________.
osteoblast
What kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo? A) Elastic connective tissue B) Dense fibrous connective tissue C) Fibrocartilage D) Hyaline cartilage
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In bone formation, a deficiency of growth hormone will cause ________.
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A fracture in the shaft of a bone would be a break in the ________.
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The term diploë refers to ________.
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Select the correct statement concerning the location of blood-forming tissue. A) There is blood-forming marrow in the diaphysis of most long bones of an adult. B) The sternum (breastbone) is a good source of blood-forming tissue. C) There is blood-forming marrow in most short bones of an adult. D) Blood-forming tissue is found in the skull and pelvic bones only.
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Factors in preventing (or delaying) osteoporosis include ________.
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Ossification of the ends of long bones ________. A) is a characteristic of intramembranous bone formation B) involves medullary cavity formation C) is produced by secondary ossification centers D) takes twice as long as diaphysis
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Cartilage is found in strategic places in the human skeleton. What is responsible for the resilience of cartilage? A) High water content B) Hydroxyapatite deposits C) Calcium influx D) Phosphate ions
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The most abundant skeletal cartilage type is ________.
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Which of the following is (are) not the function(s) of the skeletal system? A) Support B) Storage of minerals C) Production of blood cells (hematopoiesis) D) Communication
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The structural unit of compact bone is ________.
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Bones are covered and lined by a protective tissue called periosteum. The inner (osteogenic) layer consists primarily of ________.
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The periosteum is secured to the underlying bone by dense connective tissue called ________.
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The canal that runs through the core of each osteon (the Haversian canal) is the site of ________. A) Cartilage and interstitial lamellae B) Osteoclasts and osteoblasts C) Yellow marrow and spicules D) Blood vessels and nerve fibers
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The small spaces in bone tissue that are holes in which osteocytes live are called ________.
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For intramembranous ossification to take place, which of the following is necessary? A) A bone collar forms around the cartilage model. B) An ossification center forms in the fibrous connective tissue. C) The cartilage matrix begins to deteriorate. D) A medullary cavity forms.
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The process of bones increasing in width is known as ________.
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Bones are constantly undergoing resorption for various reasons. Which of the following cells accomplishes this process? A) Osteoclast B) Osteocyte C) Osteoblast D) Stem cell
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Which hormone increases osteoclast activity to release more calcium ions into the bloodstream? A) Calcitonin B) Thyroxine C) Parathyroid hormone D) Estrogen
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Vertebrae are considered ________ bones.
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The universal loss of mass seen in the skeleton, which begins about the age of 40 ________. A) is slower in females than in males B) is absolutely uniform throughout the skeleton C) reflects incomplete osteon formation and mineralization D) is greater in African Americans than in Northern Europeans
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A bone fracture perpendicular to the bone's axis is called a(n) ________ fracture. A) Nondisplaced B) Linear C) Transverse D) Incomplete
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Wolff's law is concerned with ________. A) vertical growth of bones being dependent on age B) the thickness and shape of a bone being dependent on stresses placed upon it C) the function of bone being dependent on shape D) the diameter of the bone being dependent on the ratio of osteoblasts to osteoclasts
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Cranial bones develop ________. A) from cartilage models B) within fibrous membranes C) from a tendon D) within osseous membranes
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Which of the following glands or organs produces hormones that tend to decrease blood calcium levels? A) Pineal gland B) Thyroid C) Parathyroid D) Spleen
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Osteomyelitis is ________. A) partially due to insufficient dietary calcium B) literally known as 'soft bones' C) due to pus-forming bacteria D) caused by altered vitamin D metabolism
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Cartilage grows in two ways, appositional and interstitial. Appositional growth is ________. A) growth at the epiphyseal plate B) the secretion of new matrix against the external face of existing cartilage C) along the edges only D) the lengthening of hyaline cartilage
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Which of the following statements best describes interstitial growth? A) Growth occurs in the lining of the long bones. B) Fibroblasts give rise to chondrocytes that differentiate and form cartilage. C) Unspecialized cells from mesenchyme develop into chondrocytes, which divide and form cartilage. D) Chondrocytes in the lacunae divide and secrete matrix, allowing the cartilage to grow from within.
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In the epiphyseal plate, cartilage grows ________. A) by pulling the diaphysis toward the epiphysis B) by pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis C) from the edges inward D) in a circular fashion
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Spongy bones are made up of a framework called ________.
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Osteogenesis is the process of ________.
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Lengthwise, long bone growth during infancy and youth is exclusively through ________.
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Growth of bones is controlled by a symphony of hormones. Which hormone is important for bone growth during infancy and childhood? A) Thyroid hormone B) Somatomedins C) Growth hormone D) Prolactin
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In some cases the epiphyseal plate of the long bones of children closes too early. What might be the cause? A) Overproduction of thyroid hormone B) Elevated levels of sex hormones C) Too much vitamin D in the diet D) Osteoblast activity exceeds osteoclast activity
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It is thought that remodeling or bone growth is in response to the forces placed on it. Which of the following hypotheses may explain how mechanical forces communicate with cells responsible for bone remodeling? A) Increase in the synthesis of growth hormone directs the remodeling process. B) Vitamin D enhances the remodeling process. C) Bone deposition by osteoclasts is responsible for remodeling. D) Electrical signals direct the remodeling process.
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Normal bone formation and growth are dependent on the adequate intake of ________.
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Which fracture would be least likely in a 92-year-old? A) Compression B) Greenstick C) Comminuted D) Spiral
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_____________ are not one of the four cell types that populate bone tissue in adults. A) Osteoblasts B) Mesenchymal cells C) Osteocytes D) Osteoprogenitor cells
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Ostealgia is ________________.
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Study Notes
Bone Structure and Function
- Compact bone supports weight and resists tension stress, essential for structural integrity.
- The most abundant skeletal cartilage type is hyaline cartilage, critical for growth and flexibility.
Bone Marrow and Growth
- Yellow bone marrow is primarily composed of fat, serving as energy storage.
- Growth hormone plays a vital role in bone formation and its deficiency decreases the proliferation of epiphyseal plate cartilage.
Bone Cells and Tissue Types
- Osteoblasts are responsible for secreting the bone matrix, vital for bone growth and repair.
- Osteoclasts are involved in bone resorption, breaking down tissue to release calcium into the bloodstream.
Cartilage and Ossification
- Cartilage's resilience is due to its high water content, allowing for flexibility and shock absorption.
- Intramembranous ossification requires the formation of an ossification center in fibrous connective tissue, essential for cranial bone development.
Bone Fractures and Types
- A transverse fracture occurs when a bone breaks perpendicular to its axis, common in traumatic injuries.
- Osteomyelitis is an infection of the bone caused by pus-forming bacteria.
Hormonal Regulation and Osteoporosis
- Parathyroid hormone increases osteoclast activity to elevate blood calcium levels, responding to deficiencies in calcium.
- Preventive measures against osteoporosis include drinking fluoridated water and maintaining weight-bearing exercises.
Growth Patterns in Bone
- Appositional growth refers to the addition of new matrix against existing cartilage, leading to increased thickness.
- Lengthwise growth in long bones during development is achieved through interstitial growth at the epiphyseal plates.
Structural Features of Bones
- The osteon is the structural unit of compact bone, comprising concentric lamellae surrounding a central canal.
- Trabeculae form the framework of spongy bone, providing structural support while reducing weight.
Joint Health and Development
- Wolff's law explains that bone density is influenced by the mechanical stresses placed on it, guiding adaptation.
- High levels of sex hormones can lead to premature closure of the epiphyseal plate in children, potentially affecting growth.
Nutritional Factors in Bone Health
- Adequate intake of calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D is crucial for normal bone formation and maintenance.
- Vitamin D enhances the absorption of calcium, making it vital for bone health.
Common Bone-Related Conditions
- Ostealgia refers to pain in a bone, indicating potential issues such as fractures or infections.
- The loss of skeletal mass begins around age 40, impacted by incomplete osteon formation and mineralization.
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Description
Test your knowledge of Chapter 6 on bones and skeletal tissue with these flashcards. This quiz covers key concepts such as the types of bone tissue and the composition of yellow bone marrow. Challenge yourself to see how well you understand the structure and function of the skeletal system.
