Bio 201 Module 2 Bone Tissue part 1

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of the diploe in the cranium?

Provides flexibility to the skull

Facilitates blood circulation

Absorbs shock from impact (correct)

Serves as a strong support structure

Which of the following statements about the structure of flat bones is accurate?

They lack periosteum

Both surfaces are covered with endosteum

They usually have a single layer of compact bone

They contain a middle layer of spongy bone (correct)

What can occur to the outer layer of compact bone during trauma?

It thickens to provide more support

It may fracture while diploe absorbs impact (correct)

It remains unharmed completely

It allows marrow to leak out

What is the function of trabeculae within spongy bone?

To provide an internal framework for support Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of periosteum in bone structure?

It covers the exterior surface of bones Signup and view all the answers

How does the endosteum function within the bone structure?

It line marrow spaces Signup and view all the answers

Which statement defines the outer compact bone?

It is stronger and less porous than diploe Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary components that make up bone tissue?

Cells, fibers, and ground substance Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the composition of the skeletal system?

The skeletal system composes bones, cartilages, and ligaments. Signup and view all the answers

What function does bone serve in maintaining electrolyte balance?

Releases or absorbs calcium and phosphate ions. Signup and view all the answers

What is referred to as the hardening process of bone?

Mineralization Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone is characterized as longer than it is wide?

Long bone Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best illustrates the role of red bone marrow?

It is responsible for producing blood cells. Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT a feature of flat bones?

They allow for extensive movement. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes irregular bones from other types?

They have a complex and elaborate shape. Signup and view all the answers

Which tissue is NOT part of the composition of an individual bone as an organ?

Epithelial tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ligaments within the skeletal system?

Hold bones together at the joints. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is FALSE about bones?

Bones are nonliving structures. Signup and view all the answers

What type of cell is responsible for forming new bone tissue?

Osteoblast Signup and view all the answers

Which bone cell type is derived from embryonic mesenchymal cells and can multiply continuously?

Osteogenic cell Signup and view all the answers

What do osteoblasts synthesize to initiate bone mineralization?

Soft organic matter of matrix Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of osteocytes?

Maintaining bone tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes osteoclasts?

Cells that resorb bone tissue Signup and view all the answers

How do osteoblasts differ from osteogenic cells?

Osteoblasts are nonmitotic; osteogenic cells can divide. Signup and view all the answers

Where are osteogenic cells primarily located?

In endosteum and periosteum Signup and view all the answers

What is the structural organization of bone tissue primarily composed of?

Cells, fibers, and ground substance Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the epiphyseal plate during childhood and adolescence?

To serve as a growth zone for bone elongation Signup and view all the answers

At what stage does all cartilage in the epiphyseal plate typically get consumed?

By late teens to early 20s Signup and view all the answers

Which structure separates the primary and secondary marrow cavities?

Epiphyseal plate Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of the gap between the epiphyses and diaphysis closing?

Bone growth in length ceases Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone is formed during the early stages of endochondral ossification?

Spongy bone Signup and view all the answers

Which process is primarily responsible for increasing the length of long bones?

Endochondral ossification Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the vascular invasion stage of ossification?

Appearance of the primary marrow cavity Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of nutrient foramen during bone development?

To allow nutrient delivery to bone cells Signup and view all the answers

Which feature develops last in the process of endochondral ossification?

Closure of the epiphyseal plate Signup and view all the answers

What happens to marrow cavities as the primary and secondary cavities unite?

A single marrow cavity is created Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of osteoblasts in bone remodeling?

Secrete hormones like osteocalcin Signup and view all the answers

Which hormonal effect is associated with osteocalcin?

Enhances insulin sensitivity in adipocytes Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes osteocytes in terms of their origin?

They arise from trapped osteoblasts Signup and view all the answers

What is a function of osteocytes in bone maintenance?

Regulate bone remodeling through biochemical signals Signup and view all the answers

How do osteoclasts differ from other bone cells?

They typically have multiple nuclei Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of lacunae and canaliculi in the bone structure?

They facilitate the movement of osteocytes and nutrients Signup and view all the answers

What process do osteoblasts initiate in response to stress and fractures?

They multiply more rapidly and increase osteoblast production Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of osteocytes?

Stimulate formation of new nerve cells Signup and view all the answers

How are osteoclasts developed?

From the fusion of several stem cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of osteogenic cells in the bone healing process?

To multiply and increase osteoblasts Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Introduction to Bone Tissue

Skeletal system is composed of bones, cartilages, and ligaments.
Cartilage is the forerunner of most bones and covers the joint surfaces of mature bones.
Ligaments hold bones together at joints.
Tendons attach muscle to bone.

Functions of the Skeleton

Provides support for the body and muscles, and supports the mandible and maxilla for teeth.
Protects organs, including the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs.
Facilitates movement through limb movements, breathing, and muscle action on bone.
Contributes to electrolyte balance by managing calcium and phosphate ions.
Regulates acid–base balance by releasing or absorbing salts.
Produces blood cells in the red bone marrow.

Bones and Osseous Tissue

Bone (osseous tissue) is connective tissue with a hardened matrix due to calcium phosphate and other minerals.
The process of the matrix hardening is called mineralization or calcification.
Bone is made of multiple tissues including bone marrow, cartilage, adipose tissue, nervous tissue, and fibrous connective tissue.
Bone is a dynamic tissue and is permeated with nerves and blood vessels.

General Features of Bones

Bones are classified based on their shape.
Flat Bones: Protect soft organs, are curved but wide and thin (e.g., parietal bone).
Long Bones: Longer than wide, serve as rigid levers for movement (e.g., femur).
Short Bones: Equal in length and width, enable gliding movements (e.g., bones in the wrist and ankle).
Irregular Bones: Have elaborate shapes that don't fit in other categories (e.g., ethmoid bone).

Long Bone Structure

Long bones have an outer shell of compact (dense) bone that encloses spongy bone.
Both surfaces of flat bones are covered with periosteum.
Diploe: The spongy layer in the cranium.
Spongy bone absorbs shock and can protect the inner layer of compact bone from trauma.
The marrow spaces of both long bones and flat bones are lined with endosteum.

Bone Cells

Osteogenic (osteoprogenitor) cells: Stem cells found in the endosteum, periosteum, and central canals that give rise to osteoblasts.
Osteoblasts: Bone-forming cells that line up under the endosteum and periosteum, synthesize the organic matrix, and are nonmitotic.
Osteocytes: Former osteoblasts that are trapped in the bone matrix.
- Reside in lacunae.
- Connect to each other through canaliculi and regulate bone remodeling.
Osteoclasts: Bone-dissolving cells found on the bone surface.
- Develop from bone marrow stem cells.
- Large cells formed by the fusion of several stem cells and typically have 3 to 4 nuclei.

Endochondral Ossification

Ossification is the process of bone formation.
Endochondral ossification: Bone formation from a hyaline cartilage model.
Epiphyses: The ends of long bones.
During infancy and childhood, the epiphyses fill with spongy bone.
Epiphyseal plate: A thin wall of cartilage separating the primary and secondary marrow cavities that allows for bone elongation during childhood and adolescence.
By late teens to early 20s, the epiphyseal plate is consumed, the primary and secondary marrow cavities unite, and bone growth in length ceases.

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Description

Explore the fundamental concepts of bone tissue and its role in the skeletal system. Learn about the functions of the skeleton, the structure of bones, and the significance of cartilage and ligaments. This quiz will test your understanding of how bones support and protect vital organs while enabling movement.