Podcast
Questions and Answers
According to self-determination theory, what three basic growth needs motivate all humans?
According to self-determination theory, what three basic growth needs motivate all humans?
- Competence, autonomy, and relatedness (correct)
- Security, novelty, and growth
- Esteem, love, and belonging
- Power, achievement, and affiliation
Which 'Big Five' personality trait is characterized by sociability, assertiveness, and high activity levels?
Which 'Big Five' personality trait is characterized by sociability, assertiveness, and high activity levels?
- Neuroticism
- Conscientiousness
- Extraversion (correct)
- Agreeableness
What does the VIA Classification of Character Strengths aim to classify and organize?
What does the VIA Classification of Character Strengths aim to classify and organize?
- Maladaptive coping mechanisms
- Common psychological disorders
- Negative personality traits
- Positive individual differences (correct)
In the VIA classification system, which of the following virtues encompasses strengths that involve the acquisition and use of knowledge?
In the VIA classification system, which of the following virtues encompasses strengths that involve the acquisition and use of knowledge?
How do 'states' differ from 'traits' in the context of personality?
How do 'states' differ from 'traits' in the context of personality?
Which concept refers to the error of assuming that two distinct concepts are the same simply because they share a name?
Which concept refers to the error of assuming that two distinct concepts are the same simply because they share a name?
According to the information, what does the virtue of 'Courage' in the VIA classification system primarily involve?
According to the information, what does the virtue of 'Courage' in the VIA classification system primarily involve?
What is a key distinction between self-concept and objective reality?
What is a key distinction between self-concept and objective reality?
In the context of traits, what does it mean to view them as 'average tendencies' over time?
In the context of traits, what does it mean to view them as 'average tendencies' over time?
According to Positive Psychology, which of the following would be an element of 'the good life'?
According to Positive Psychology, which of the following would be an element of 'the good life'?
What does the 'self-reference effect' suggest about memory?
What does the 'self-reference effect' suggest about memory?
Which statement best describes the concept of 'dispositional authenticity'?
Which statement best describes the concept of 'dispositional authenticity'?
Which concept is most closely associated with having a subjective sense of worth, competence, and personal satisfaction?
Which concept is most closely associated with having a subjective sense of worth, competence, and personal satisfaction?
What is 'interdependence' in the context of self-concept?
What is 'interdependence' in the context of self-concept?
What is a defining characteristic of self-compassion?
What is a defining characteristic of self-compassion?
How does the essentialist view of the true self differ from self-determination theory's perspective on authenticity?
How does the essentialist view of the true self differ from self-determination theory's perspective on authenticity?
According to William James, what describes the self that is experienced as a person's consciousness and self-aware knower?
According to William James, what describes the self that is experienced as a person's consciousness and self-aware knower?
Which of the following best defines the term 'Maximizing' in the context of decision making?
Which of the following best defines the term 'Maximizing' in the context of decision making?
What cognitive process is characterized by solving problems in a linear, logical way with a single straightforward answer?
What cognitive process is characterized by solving problems in a linear, logical way with a single straightforward answer?
Which type of cognitive ability, often contrasted with crystallized intelligence, refers to basic and abstract abilities like processing speed and memory?
Which type of cognitive ability, often contrasted with crystallized intelligence, refers to basic and abstract abilities like processing speed and memory?
What does 'press' refer to in the context of an individual's motivations and behaviors?
What does 'press' refer to in the context of an individual's motivations and behaviors?
In the Berlin wisdom paradigm, what indicates wisdom?
In the Berlin wisdom paradigm, what indicates wisdom?
Why is underestimating our ability to cope with negative events referred to as immune neglect?
Why is underestimating our ability to cope with negative events referred to as immune neglect?
What is the purpose of a meta-analysis in research?
What is the purpose of a meta-analysis in research?
What is indicated by 'low latent inhibition' in regards to creativity?
What is indicated by 'low latent inhibition' in regards to creativity?
Which statement accurately represents the biophilia hypothesis?
Which statement accurately represents the biophilia hypothesis?
What is the central concept behind prosocial behavior?
What is the central concept behind prosocial behavior?
What is a key characteristic of 'reciprocal altruism'?
What is a key characteristic of 'reciprocal altruism'?
What is the primary challenge in 'social dilemmas'?
What is the primary challenge in 'social dilemmas'?
Which concept describes the belief that others will act in cooperative or mutually beneficial ways?
Which concept describes the belief that others will act in cooperative or mutually beneficial ways?
What does fractal geometry show about nature?
What does fractal geometry show about nature?
How does 'biophilic design' aim to improve spaces?
How does 'biophilic design' aim to improve spaces?
For solving social dilemmas, what is the effect of ethics?
For solving social dilemmas, what is the effect of ethics?
According to the ‘reasonable person model,’ when is prosocial behavior supported?
According to the ‘reasonable person model,’ when is prosocial behavior supported?
The notion of reciprocal altruism has a hard time explaining what?
The notion of reciprocal altruism has a hard time explaining what?
What is meant by a secure attachment style?
What is meant by a secure attachment style?
What is a result of Self-Expansion Theory?
What is a result of Self-Expansion Theory?
What is capitalisation?
What is capitalisation?
Which of the following leads to relational boredom?
Which of the following leads to relational boredom?
According to Ryff, what is necessary for Resilience?
According to Ryff, what is necessary for Resilience?
A main problem with those searching for growth in tough times is noted as what?
A main problem with those searching for growth in tough times is noted as what?
What is indicated by a 'fixed' mindset?
What is indicated by a 'fixed' mindset?
The activities or domains that attract us are called ___
The activities or domains that attract us are called ___
Life stories and personal projects are used to capture what makes people ___.
Life stories and personal projects are used to capture what makes people ___.
Trait neuroticism and introversion-extraversion do not correlate with each other, which means that___.
Trait neuroticism and introversion-extraversion do not correlate with each other, which means that___.
The jangle fallacy is known as ___
The jangle fallacy is known as ___
Mental models about interpersonal relationships, which influence behaviours in relationships (and beyond), are known as ___.
Mental models about interpersonal relationships, which influence behaviours in relationships (and beyond), are known as ___.
Positive and valued characteristics are also known as ___.
Positive and valued characteristics are also known as ___.
A primary goal of personality psychology is to ___.
A primary goal of personality psychology is to ___.
The Big Five traits are labeled ___.
The Big Five traits are labeled ___.
Personality demonstrates both ______ and ______ over time.
Personality demonstrates both ______ and ______ over time.
The ‘manual of the sanities’ included ______ strengths according to ______ broader virtues.
The ‘manual of the sanities’ included ______ strengths according to ______ broader virtues.
It is best to think of personality traits as ______, rather than ______.
It is best to think of personality traits as ______, rather than ______.
___ are the relatively consistent evaluations of things, ideas and people.
___ are the relatively consistent evaluations of things, ideas and people.
___ produce motivations and behaviours towards their satisfaction.
___ produce motivations and behaviours towards their satisfaction.
When we say that Anne is extraverted, we mean that she is ______.
When we say that Anne is extraverted, we mean that she is ______.
As opposed to traits, ______ is more about perceptions of reality than about objective reality.
As opposed to traits, ______ is more about perceptions of reality than about objective reality.
___ are the skills people have, such as intelligence, musical prowess or athletic performance.
___ are the skills people have, such as intelligence, musical prowess or athletic performance.
The idea behind the Big Five model is that the five broad traits ___.
The idea behind the Big Five model is that the five broad traits ___.
___ assess characteristics that reflect or seem conducive to authentic experiences. (Choose 2)
___ assess characteristics that reflect or seem conducive to authentic experiences. (Choose 2)
Many forms of well-being and especially ___ are associated with self-concepts and behaviours that are perceived as authentic.
Many forms of well-being and especially ___ are associated with self-concepts and behaviours that are perceived as authentic.
high self-esteem is a ___ of the self and it is ___.
high self-esteem is a ___ of the self and it is ___.
self-compassion represents a different way of understanding the self-concept because it is defined by ___.
self-compassion represents a different way of understanding the self-concept because it is defined by ___.
what did Sheldon, Rawsthorne and Hardi (1997) find in their study of big five traits, roles and authenticity?
what did Sheldon, Rawsthorne and Hardi (1997) find in their study of big five traits, roles and authenticity?
North Americans and Western Europeans exhibit more ___ when it comes to their perception of the self-concept, while East Asian cultures adopt a more ___ view of the self-concept
North Americans and Western Europeans exhibit more ___ when it comes to their perception of the self-concept, while East Asian cultures adopt a more ___ view of the self-concept
when people do things because of external pressures, they exhibit ___.
when people do things because of external pressures, they exhibit ___.
The ______ was used by William James (1890) to describe the part of the self that is experienced as a person’s consciousness, self-aware knower and decider.
The ______ was used by William James (1890) to describe the part of the self that is experienced as a person’s consciousness, self-aware knower and decider.
Both ______ and ______ share the assumption that humans are prone to positive growth.
Both ______ and ______ share the assumption that humans are prone to positive growth.
Doing something to help a loved one because of guilt is an example of ______.
Doing something to help a loved one because of guilt is an example of ______.
People report more ______ in unpleasant situations if these were aligned with ______.
People report more ______ in unpleasant situations if these were aligned with ______.
The ______ is subjective and is characterized by a person’s mental representations (i.e. knowledge, beliefs, evaluations) about who the self is.
The ______ is subjective and is characterized by a person’s mental representations (i.e. knowledge, beliefs, evaluations) about who the self is.
The ___ is the idea that each person contains a singular true self.
The ___ is the idea that each person contains a singular true self.
The self-reference effect refers to people's ability to remember things ___.
The self-reference effect refers to people's ability to remember things ___.
People are low in self-compassion are more ___.
People are low in self-compassion are more ___.
The mental assessments of future emotions or happiness is also known as ___.
The mental assessments of future emotions or happiness is also known as ___.
Press refers to ___.
Press refers to ___.
Psychologists define creativity as ___.
Psychologists define creativity as ___.
The key to solving the 'marriage problem' is to ___.
The key to solving the 'marriage problem' is to ___.
a tendency towards thinking in ways that include multiple perspectives and that recognize uncertainty is also known as ___.
a tendency towards thinking in ways that include multiple perspectives and that recognize uncertainty is also known as ___.
In addition to divergent thinking, the remote associates test highlights which additional cognitive process in creativity?
In addition to divergent thinking, the remote associates test highlights which additional cognitive process in creativity?
___ seems to boost people's moods more than they anticipate
___ seems to boost people's moods more than they anticipate
what is a central issue to defining creative products?
what is a central issue to defining creative products?
___ latent inhibition is useful for creativity because it allows people to ___.
___ latent inhibition is useful for creativity because it allows people to ___.
being exposed to nature can lead to more ___.
being exposed to nature can lead to more ___.
common pool resource dilemmas are known as ___, while public goods dilemmas are known as ___>
common pool resource dilemmas are known as ___, while public goods dilemmas are known as ___>
___ represents natural forms that have repeating patterns of self-similarity at different scales.
___ represents natural forms that have repeating patterns of self-similarity at different scales.
when people draw from goods that already exist, they are partaking in a ___.
when people draw from goods that already exist, they are partaking in a ___.
In the public goods game used by Rand, Green and Nowak (2012), findings suggested that ______ happen fast, while ______ require more deliberate strategizing.
In the public goods game used by Rand, Green and Nowak (2012), findings suggested that ______ happen fast, while ______ require more deliberate strategizing.
reciprocal altruism is adaptive because ___.
reciprocal altruism is adaptive because ___.
SVO stands for ___ and helps assess how people respond to ___.
SVO stands for ___ and helps assess how people respond to ___.
trust builds ___, but disappears ___.
trust builds ___, but disappears ___.
conclusions about the role of oxytocin in human attachment is ___.
conclusions about the role of oxytocin in human attachment is ___.
The traits of ______ and ______ are particularly predictive of happier and longer lasting relationships.
The traits of ______ and ______ are particularly predictive of happier and longer lasting relationships.
Based on research, recommending ______ is more conducive to promoting relationship satisfaction than recommending______.
Based on research, recommending ______ is more conducive to promoting relationship satisfaction than recommending______.
perceived support is ___, while received support is ___.
perceived support is ___, while received support is ___.
When caregivers are seen as available and responsive when threats emerge, a(n) ___ develops.
When caregivers are seen as available and responsive when threats emerge, a(n) ___ develops.
healthy relationships are predicted by ___, which helps a person feel like their partner understands, cares and engages with their concerns.
healthy relationships are predicted by ___, which helps a person feel like their partner understands, cares and engages with their concerns.
Harlow’s (1958) study of baby monkeys revealed that ______.
Harlow’s (1958) study of baby monkeys revealed that ______.
Intense attraction in romantic relationships is most characteristic of ___.
Intense attraction in romantic relationships is most characteristic of ___.
both companionate and passionate love become slightly ___ over time, on average
both companionate and passionate love become slightly ___ over time, on average
___ is characterized by a lack of trust and extreme self-reliance
___ is characterized by a lack of trust and extreme self-reliance
Love is different from other emotions because it is both ___ and ___.
Love is different from other emotions because it is both ___ and ___.
People in most cultures agree that the most important feature in a marriage is ___.
People in most cultures agree that the most important feature in a marriage is ___.
Finding benefits and meaning after a traumatic experience is called ___.
Finding benefits and meaning after a traumatic experience is called ___.
In Davis and Novoa’s (2013) study, people with spinal cord injury who did not search for meaning reported similar well-being as ______.
In Davis and Novoa’s (2013) study, people with spinal cord injury who did not search for meaning reported similar well-being as ______.
Positive interventions are activities designed to foster lasting improvements in well-being, and are supported by______.
Positive interventions are activities designed to foster lasting improvements in well-being, and are supported by______.
___ helps promote resilience by fostering a sense of meaning and community.
___ helps promote resilience by fostering a sense of meaning and community.
If-then plans that link specific circumstances with specific behaviours in service of a larger goal are known as ______.
If-then plans that link specific circumstances with specific behaviours in service of a larger goal are known as ______.
According to goal setting theory, goals are useful to
According to goal setting theory, goals are useful to
people who persevere through difficulty have what psychologists call ___.
people who persevere through difficulty have what psychologists call ___.
Habits are similar to implementation intention, except that they ___.
Habits are similar to implementation intention, except that they ___.
___ describe the process where a cue from the external or internal environments produces an automatic behavioural response.
___ describe the process where a cue from the external or internal environments produces an automatic behavioural response.
Which of the following statements best distinguishes a character strength from a Big Five trait?
Which of the following statements best distinguishes a character strength from a Big Five trait?
Which of the following most accurately captures the difference between trait authenticity and momentary authenticity?
Which of the following most accurately captures the difference between trait authenticity and momentary authenticity?
which of the following is NOT a component of self-compassion, as defined by Kristin Neff?
which of the following is NOT a component of self-compassion, as defined by Kristin Neff?
which statement about the VIA system is most accurate?
which statement about the VIA system is most accurate?
according to evolutionary theory, which form of altruism would most likely explain generous behaviour toward strangers without expectation of reciprocation?
according to evolutionary theory, which form of altruism would most likely explain generous behaviour toward strangers without expectation of reciprocation?
which of the following design elements is not associated with optimal built environments for well-being?
which of the following design elements is not associated with optimal built environments for well-being?
What is a key difference between perceived and actual post-traumatic growth?
What is a key difference between perceived and actual post-traumatic growth?
What distinguishes affiliative humour from other forms of humour in relationship conflict?
What distinguishes affiliative humour from other forms of humour in relationship conflict?
What is a key criticism of referring to oxytocin as the 'love hormone'?
What is a key criticism of referring to oxytocin as the 'love hormone'?
In the hierarchical model of intelligence, what is represented at the bottom of the hierarchy?
In the hierarchical model of intelligence, what is represented at the bottom of the hierarchy?
Traits and values both guide what feels authentic in the moment
Traits and values both guide what feels authentic in the moment
Agreeableness and conscientiousness are predictive of relationship satisfaction
Agreeableness and conscientiousness are predictive of relationship satisfaction
The Flynn Effect suggests that average IQs have decreased in recent generations due to screen time.
The Flynn Effect suggests that average IQs have decreased in recent generations due to screen time.
People who score high in trait authenticity tend to report higher levels of SWB and PWB.
People who score high in trait authenticity tend to report higher levels of SWB and PWB.
Which of the following best reflects the role of life satisfaction in personality development?
Which of the following best reflects the role of life satisfaction in personality development?
Empathy is crucial in interpersonal functioning because it___.
Empathy is crucial in interpersonal functioning because it___.
Which of the following best explains how digital technology may influence personality?
Which of the following best explains how digital technology may influence personality?
Positive emotions contribute to personality development by:
Positive emotions contribute to personality development by:
The self-concept primarily guides behaviour through:
The self-concept primarily guides behaviour through:
Humour is considered psychologically beneficial because it:
Humour is considered psychologically beneficial because it:
Which of the following best describes the influence of cultural values on personality?
Which of the following best describes the influence of cultural values on personality?
Which of the following best illustrates the interactionist perspective on personality development?
Which of the following best illustrates the interactionist perspective on personality development?
According to McAdams' Three-Level Model of personality, what distinguishes Level 3 (Life narratives) from Levels 1 and 2?
According to McAdams' Three-Level Model of personality, what distinguishes Level 3 (Life narratives) from Levels 1 and 2?
How does the concept of 'cumulative continuity' explain personality stability over time?
How does the concept of 'cumulative continuity' explain personality stability over time?
What is one criticism of trait theories of personality from a social constructivist perspective?
What is one criticism of trait theories of personality from a social constructivist perspective?
Which of the following best captures the relationship between conscientiousness and health outcomes?
Which of the following best captures the relationship between conscientiousness and health outcomes?
Which of the following is NOT considered a limitation of the Big Five model of personality?
Which of the following is NOT considered a limitation of the Big Five model of personality?
What distinguishes signature strengths from other character traits?
What distinguishes signature strengths from other character traits?
Which personality trait has been most consistently linked to academic achievement?
Which personality trait has been most consistently linked to academic achievement?
Flashcards
Personality
Personality
The individual, internal characteristics that produce regularities in thoughts, feelings, and actions.
Self-determination Theory
Self-determination Theory
Assumes humans are motivated by competence, autonomy, and relatedness. Fulfilling these needs leads to motivation and satisfaction.
Competence
Competence
A basic need to be capable and master new things, according to self-determination theory.
Autonomy
Autonomy
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Relatedness
Relatedness
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Life Stories
Life Stories
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Personal Projects
Personal Projects
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Traits
Traits
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Extraversion
Extraversion
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Neuroticism
Neuroticism
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Agreeableness
Agreeableness
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Conscientiousness
Conscientiousness
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Openness
Openness
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States
States
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Need for achievement
Need for achievement
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Self-concept
Self-concept
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Jangle Fallacy
Jangle Fallacy
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Jingle Fallacy
Jingle Fallacy
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Virtues
Virtues
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VIA Classification of Character Strengths
VIA Classification of Character Strengths
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Wisdom (VIA version)
Wisdom (VIA version)
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Courage
Courage
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Humanity
Humanity
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Justice
Justice
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Temperance
Temperance
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Transcendence
Transcendence
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Signature Strengths
Signature Strengths
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Strengths
Strengths
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Facets
Facets
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Self-Reference Effect
Self-Reference Effect
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Authentic (authenticity)
Authentic (authenticity)
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Dispositional authenticity
Dispositional authenticity
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Essentialist view (of true self)
Essentialist view (of true self)
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Intrinsic motivation
Intrinsic motivation
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Extrinsic motivation
Extrinsic motivation
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State authenticity
State authenticity
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Self-efficacy
Self-efficacy
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Self-esteem
Self-esteem
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Self-compassion
Self-compassion
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Study Notes
Chapter 4: Personality
- Personality encompasses an individual's internal characteristics producing regularities in their thoughts, feelings, and actions
- Key components include traits, values, and strengths
- Self-determination Theory posits humans are motivated by competence, autonomy, and relatedness
- Pursuing intrinsic needs leads to lasting motivation and satisfaction
- Competence refers to the basic need to be capable and master new skills
- Autonomy is the basic need to freely pursue individual, intrinsic desires, not influenced by others
- Relatedness is the basic need to connect and have positive interpersonal relationships
- Life Stories stand as unique personal narratives of experiences and events defining an individual
- Personal Projects are individual goals, short-term or long-term and are assessed with ratings on difficulty or support
- Traits act as labels describing regularities in thoughts, behaviors, differentiating individuals with scores indicating similarity or difference
- Traits can be viewed as average tendencies over time
- Extraversion indicates sociability, high activity, assertiveness, and cheerfulness with introversion as the opposite
- Neuroticism involves tendencies to experience unpleasant emotions, self-consciousness, and vulnerability, with emotional stability as the opposite
- Agreeableness includes trust, pro-sociality, cooperation, and modesty
- Conscientiousness indicates achievement striving, self-control, orderliness, and dutifulness
- Openness encompasses imagination, liberalism, and artistic interests, sometimes termed openness to experience, intellect, or culture
- States are temporary variations in thoughts/feelings/behaviors, sensitive to context, unlike enduring traits
- Need for achievement reflects individual motivation for success characterized by a deep desire for excellence, shown in business settings
- Self-concept constitutes people’s subjective sense of self, more about perception than objective reality, defining self-esteem
- Jangle Fallacy marks the error of perceiving nearly identical things as different due to differing names
- Jingle Fallacy marks the inverse error of perceiving actually different things as the same because they share a name
- Virtues in the VIA model comprise six higher-order characteristics encompassing 24 strengths, aligning with broad big five traits
- VIA Classification of Character Strengths categorizes 24 strengths (positive trait-like differences) into six virtues, standing for 'values in action'
- Wisdom (VIA version) is a virtue including cognitive strengths for acquiring/using knowledge
- Courage (VIA version) is a virtue including emotional strengths to exercise will facing opposition
- Humanity (VIA version) is a virtue including interpersonal strengths involving tending and befriending
- Justice (VIA version) is a virtue including civic strengths underlying community
- Temperance (VIA version) is a virtue including strengths protecting against excess
- Transcendence (VIA version) is a virtue including strengths forging connections to the universe
- Signature Strengths mark a handful of deeply intrinsic character strengths or traits that feel most strong and authentic
- Strengths are trait-like individual differences; a list is in the VIA classification
- Facets are relatively narrow personality traits found in the broad big five traits
Multiple Choice Questions: Chapter 4
- Activities or domains attracting individuals are their interests
- Life stories and personal projects capture what makes people unique
- Absence of correlation between neuroticism and introversion-extraversion means individuals can be high on one and low on the other
- Jangle fallacy involves mistaking different entities as separate due to differing names
- Mental models influencing interpersonal behaviors are attachment styles
- Positive/valued characteristics are known as character strengths
- Identifying and measuring all dispositions are key personality psychology goals
- The Big Five traits consist of extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness
- Personality demonstrates both continuity and change over time
- The ‘manual of the sanities’ featured 24 strengths linked to 6 broader virtues
- Personality traits are best understood as dimensions of difference instead of black-and-white categories
- Attitudes represent relatively consistent evaluations of things, ideas, and individuals
- Needs and motives stimulate motivations and behaviors driving satisfaction
- Describing Anne as extraverted suggests she stands as different from others
- The self-concept, unlike traits, focuses on perceptions related to reality
- Abilities represent a person's skills like athletic performance
- The Big Five model works to describe much of the variation in human personality
Chapter 5: The Self
- Self-Reference Effect enhances memory when associating information to the self-concept
- Authenticity includes mental states/behaviors matching a person's true self, not faked/coerced
- Dispositional authenticity marks trait-like differences showing understanding/feeling/behaving like one's true self
- Essentialist view (of true self) sees each person with an immutable core essence
- Intrinsic Motivation stems from enjoyment/internal reasons endorsed by the true self
- Extrinsic Motivation arises when influenced by external pressure, ranging to extreme degrees
- State authenticity reflects a perception/feeling one is showing behavior relating to their true self, varying by moment
- Self-efficacy marks the personal belief one can successfully enact behaviors reaching desirable outcomes
- Self-esteem shows a positive evaluation of/subjective sense of worth
- Self-compassion encompasses kindness, awareness of shared humanity, and mindful approach to negative self aspects.
- Independence relates to seeing the self as unique and independently pursuing personal goals, and North Americans/Western Europeans tend to have more independent self-concepts
- Interdependence relates to seeing the self via social bonds, fitting into groups, influencing East Asians to hold more interdependent self-concepts
- Self-enhancement involves tending to view oneself positively, distorting experiences for positive perspectives
- WEIRD conveys the idea that the majority of psychology research focuses on Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic societies
Multiple Choice Questions: Chapter 5
- Dispositional and state authenticity questionnaires assess characteristics reflecting authentic experiences
- Many forms of well-being, and especially eudaimonia, are linked to self-concepts/behaviors seen as authentic
- High self-esteem is a positive and subjective evaluation of the self
- Self-compassion is understanding the self-concept through kindness, awareness of shared humanity, and mindfulness
- Research indicated authenticity is not associated with more consistency in trait ratings whereas authenticity was associated with more positive emotions
- North Americans and Western Europeans exhibit more independence, whereas East Asian cultures show more interdependence in self-concept perception
- Actions driven by external pressure exemplify extrinsic motivation
- William James used 'I' to describe self as consciousness and a self-aware knower
- Self-determination theory and humanistic approaches share a focus on positive growth
- Helping a loved one due to guilt exemplifies extrinsic motivation
- State authenticity is associated with values in unpleasant situations
- The self-concept is subjective and presents mental representations (beliefs, evaluations) about self
- The essentialist view states each person holds a single true self
- The self-reference effect shows things are more easily remembered when tied to the self-concept
- Individuals low in self-compassion tend to be more self-critical
Chapter 6: Thinking
- Maximizing is a decision-making strategy focused on finding the very best choice which usually involves a long search
- Satisficing is a strategy where a reasonably good option is chosen quickly rather than later
- Creativity is a characteristic involving unique/useful ideas/products
- Divergent thinking is a mental process taking many paths to solutions, and is key for creativity
- Convergent thinking solves problems linearly and logically, deriving single best answers
- Latent inhibition stands for the automatic cognitive process blocking irrelevant consciousness information
- Press references external personal influences that impact motivations and behaviors
- Wisdom represents thinking that includes multiple perspectives and that recognizes uncertainty
- Intelligence stands for an individual's general cognitive cleverness
- Meta-analysis represents a statistical technique combining study results on the same topic
- Crystalized intelligence refers to kinds of cognitive ability explicitly taught
- Fluid intelligence marks basic and abstract cognitive ability
- Emotional intelligence comprises the abilities to perceive, understand, and regulate emotions
- Active forecasts signal mental assessments and future happiness aiding in choices
- Impact Bias shows people's tendency to overestimate event-caused changes in happiness
- Immune Neglect leads to overestimating negative-event impacts failing to consider successful coping responses
- Focusing Illusion marks how much a future event or set of circumstances will influence overall happiness
Multiple Choice Questions: Chapter 6
- The Berlin wisdom paradigm links to knowledge, relativism, and understanding for uncertainty
- Mental assessments on future happiness are termed affective forecasting
- Press refers to external influences and how they are perceived
- Psychologists define creativity as something unique coupled with usefulness
- Knowing when to stop searching becomes the key to solving the ‘marriage problem’
- Underestimating coping ability for coping with negative events defines immune neglect
- Choosing the best possible option signals maximizing in decision-making
- Wisdom features a tendency for people to think using a magnitude of perspectives/recognize uncertainty
- Purpose of meta-analysis involves balancing weakness across individual studies
- Creativity requires "connecting the dots"
- Spending time in nature seems to boost mood
- Basic and abstract abilities stand for fluid intelligence
- A central issue defining creative products involves judging whether they assess something as being creative or how much
- It is more useful to have low latent inhibition for creativity allowing people to think in divergent ways
Chapter 7: Social & Physical Envs.
- Prosocial behavior aims to increase another's well-being through sharing or cooperation.
- Altruism describes actions benefiting others regardless of personal gain or potential cost to the actor
- The Empathy-Altruism Model stands for a set of propositions that posits people help without concern for self costs/benefits, given they show empathetic concern for the receiver who is in need
- Kin Altruism marks a form of prosocial actions taken toward genetic relatives, driving gene propagation
- Reciprocal Altruism stands for a prosocial behavior by helping genetically distinct people over time in what may stand for adaptive evolutionary practice
- Competitive Altruism describes generous acts that indirectly advantage actors via reputation improvements with it occurring where reciprocity may be unlikely
- Social dilemmas mark situations where individual choices of maximizing immediate advantages can compromise collective well being
- Common Pool Resource Dilemmas encompass a type of social dilemma involving existing goods causing depletion of the good if overused
- Public goods dilemmas involve creating benefits that do not exist such that anyone that contributes create goods that will allow those in need to have them
- Social Value Orientation shows distinct individual behavioral tendencies regarding prosociality, typically divided into individualistic or competitive orientations
- Trust indicates a belief the others will be helpful
- Intuitive Prosociality shows first/easy impulses to be giving more than selfish; and
- Awe marks emotions linked to surprising, amazing events, shifting cognition, enhancing a feeling linked to something big while encouraging sharing behavior
- The Reasonable person model stands for assumptions asserting reasonableness, fairness, and cooperation that is encouraged by informational settings which also causes patience
- Biophilia entails an attraction based on emotion to elements of nature
- Forest bathing or shinrin yoku marks a practice involving mindful immersion in a forest for relaxation
- Biophilic design marks an architectural approach integrating components of nature into locations
Multiple Choice Questions: Chapter 7
- Exposure to nature enhances well-being and all of these things
- Common dilemmas fall under some goods; while goods involve dilemmas
- People connected to nature also tend to be happier
- Natural forms with repeating patterns make up fractal geometry
- Biophilic design incorporates natural elements into settings
- Access to certain resources makes up resource dilemmas
- Findings show that fast choices in public goods may make the choice more prosocial
- Adaptive actions require cooperation
- SVO focuses on responding to orientations and dilemmas
- Empathy is key for reasonable behaviors
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