Chapter 4 - AP Psychology Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What is sensation?

  • The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment. (correct)
  • The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information.
  • The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus.
  • Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere.

What is perception?

  • Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes.
  • The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus.
  • The study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli and our psychological experience.
  • The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information. (correct)

What is bottom-up processing?

Analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information.

What is top-down processing?

<p>Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is selective attention?

<p>The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is inattentional blindness?

<p>Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is change blindness?

<p>Failing to notice changes in the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is psychophysics?

<p>The study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli and our psychological experience of them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is absolute threshold?

<p>The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Signal Detection Theory?

<p>A theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background stimulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Subliminal refers to stimuli that are above one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is priming?

<p>The activation of certain associations, often unconsciously, thus predisposing one's perception or memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is difference threshold?

<p>The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Weber's Law?

<p>The principle that for two stimuli to be perceived as different, they must differ by a constant percentage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is sensory adaptation?

<p>Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is transduction?

<p>Conversion of one form of energy into another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is wavelength?

<p>The distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is hue?

<p>The dimension of color determined by the wavelength of light.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is intensity in the context of sound and light?

<p>The amount of energy in a light or sound wave, perceived as brightness or loudness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Sensation and Perception

  • Sensation involves receiving and representing environmental stimulus energies through sensory receptors and the nervous system.
  • Perception organizes and interprets sensory information, allowing recognition of meaningful objects and events.

Processing Types

  • Bottom-Up Processing starts with sensory input and progresses to the brain's interpretation, relying on the raw data from senses.
  • Top-Down Processing is guided by higher mental processes, using experience and expectations to form perceptions.

Attention and Awareness

  • Selective Attention focuses conscious awareness on a specific stimulus, possibly ignoring other stimuli.
  • Inattentional Blindness occurs when visible objects are overlooked due to focusing on something else.
  • Change Blindness refers to the failure to notice alterations in the environment.

Psychophysics

  • Psychophysics examines the relationship between physical stimulus characteristics, like intensity, and psychological experiences.

Detection and Thresholds

  • Absolute Threshold is the minimum stimulation required to detect a stimulus 50% of the time.
  • Signal Detection Theory explains detection ability amid background stimulation, influenced by experience and motivation.
  • Difference Threshold (just noticeable difference) is the smallest detectable difference between two stimuli.

Laws and Adaptation

  • Weber's Law states that to perceive a difference, two stimuli must differ by a consistent percentage.
  • Sensory Adaptation refers to reduced sensitivity as a result of constant stimulation.

Energy and Waves

  • Transduction is the conversion of various forms of energy (light, sound) into neural impulses for interpretation by the brain.
  • Wavelength measures the distance between peaks in light or sound waves, influencing properties like color and pitch.
  • Hue defines the color dimension linked to light's wavelength, associated with names like blue and green.
  • Intensity measures the energy amount in a wave, perceived as brightness in light or loudness in sound, determined by amplitude.

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