Chapter 2: Memory and the Brain Flashcards

He began the search for the engram.

The hypothetical physical unit of storage of a memory.

That there might be cells or groups of cells that transform when information has been acquired.

<p>That there are no engrams, and that instead memory representation occurs because of a connection between disparate areas in the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>That visual areas of the brain are activated during autobiographical recall as well as more standard memory areas like the hippocampus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There may have been engrams after all, because different areas of the brain were lit up when different celebrity names are said.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One of many dementia-type illnesses that are more common in older adults than in younger adults. Memory is the first deficit detected in this disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBIs).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Motor vehicle crashes (17%).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The practice of helping brain-damaged patients recover and cope with their injuries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biological cells that specialize in the transmission and retention of information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Move, see, think, and remember.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One set of the individual's chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Soma or cell body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All the apparatuses that keep the cell working, such as mitochondria and other organelles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Allow neurons to transmit info from one part of the brain or nervous system to another part.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One that leads into the neuron and one that leads out of the neuron.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The part of the neuron that receives information from other neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The part of the neuron that sends information to other neurons. There is only one per neuron.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The electrochemical process of transmission in an axon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gaps between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of the next neuron, in which transmission occurs via neurotransmitters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ends of axons that hold neurotransmitters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The signal triggers them to release neurotransmitters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both electrical and chemical.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Longer dendrites as opposed to shorter dendrites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electrochemical. Electrical over short segments then gets a power boost (action potential) via a chemical process as it moves down the axon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Relatively slow (10 m per second).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A disease that causes the loss of myelin along axons, resulting in movement deficits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Due to the slowdown of information flowing through the axons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Receptor cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proteins produced by the nervous system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To be classified as a neurotransmitter, the chemical must bridge the synapse and induce an electric current in a dendrite.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>GABA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neurons that innervate and control our muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A part of the brain called the substantia nigra is no longer able to produce enough dopamine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A part of the brain that produces dopamine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ol> <li>Problems initiating movements 2) Frozen facial expressions 3) Tics which patient isn't aware of.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Affects people's moods by modifying the release of serotonin at the synapse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blocks the flow of dopamine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a powerful hallucinogenic drug that affects both dopamine and serotonin channels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Causes the release of dopamine in our prefrontal cortex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increases the activation of the neurons that innervate our muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language/ Language and Memory interaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ol> <li>Spatial cognition 2) Greater role in the processing of music.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Structures below the surface of the brain, evolutionarily old areas of the brain that we share with many other animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cerebral cortex, associated with higher cognitive and emotional functioning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hippocampus, Amygdala, Diencephalon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An area of the brain associated with learning and memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A network in the brain called the limbic system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In and below the medial temporal lobe (just behind your ear).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bilateral - there is one hippocampus on each side of the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amnesia: memory deficits acquired through brain damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Damage to the left hippocampus is more likely to affect memory for stories and words while damage to the right hemisphere will affect memory for directions and pictures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A part of the brain critical in emotional learning, fear, and memory. It is also in the limbic system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The hippocampus, consistent with its role in memory, and the hypothalamus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fear conditioning and emotional learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Diencephalon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An area of the brain associated with basic emotions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An area of the brain heavily connected to other areas of the brain and serves as a routing center.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Massive connections between the medial temporal lobes and hippocampus with the prefrontal lobes, which are involved in memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Korsakoff's disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ol> <li>Deficits in learning 2) Deficits in retrieving well-stored information 3) Impairment in the ability to distinguish between true and false memories.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<ol> <li>Frontal lobe 2) Temporal lobe 3) Parietal lobe 4) Occipital lobe.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<ol> <li>Higher emotion 2) Decision-making 3) Metacognition 4) Memory.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The part of the frontal lobe most associated with higher emotions and source monitoring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Being able to distinguish if a memory is a personally experienced event or something someone told you.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metamemory and self-regulation of memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ol> <li>Audition 2) Language 3) Memory.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Those directly adjacent to the hippocampus - the medial temporal cortex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the encoding of information into memory but not in the storage of representation of that information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Produces amnesia similar to that seen with hippocampus damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ol> <li>Somatosensory (Various senses of touch) 2) Attention.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<ol> <li>Vision.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An area of the brain in the occipital lobe involved in color processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A set of techniques that allow researchers to make detailed maps of the human brain and assign functions to particular regions of the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>EEG (Electroencephalography).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The fact that neurons conduct electricity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1/1,000TH of a second.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ol> <li>Capturing sleep waves to tell the various stages of sleep 2) Diagnosis of epilepsy.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A type of EEG that measures brain activity when electrodes are placed directly on the surface of the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The averaged EEG pattern across many trials of EEG recordings in response to a particular class of stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using a magnetic sensor to detect small magnetic fields produced by electrical activity in the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Allows scientists to get a detailed image of a living human brain without having to damage any living tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It involves injecting a small amount of radioactive substance into a person's blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ol> <li>Medical purposes (pinpoint a tumor) 2) Research as it can isolate functional areas of the brain.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It does not allow for the detailed description of how information is changing over time in the brain because it requires 30 seconds of exposure to capture a good image.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Axon connections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neuron cell bodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ol> <li>Examines structural damage in internal organs 2) Routinely used to detect tumors, growths, and other damage in the brain.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Another MRI technique that compares the pattern of movement of molecules, particularly water, within tissues in order to derive structural images.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ol> <li>For examining white matter connections in the brain 2) In medical diagnosis, for example distinguishing Alzheimer's disease from other forms of dementia.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A small magnetic pulse to create a small pulse of electricity, which temporarily changes function in a small area of the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Causation from a disrupted area and not correlation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low current electricity is applied directly to the scalp in a continuous fashion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ol> <li>Improving cognitive performance after stroke 2) Alleviating depression 3) Reducing memory deficits in early Alzheimer's disease.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A device is implanted directly into the brain, which then sends electrical impulses to specific regions of the brain; used exclusively implanted for medical reasons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ol> <li>Alleviating symptoms of Parkinson's disease 2) Treating major affective disorders such as obsessive-compulsive disorder and major depression.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An inability to form new memories following brain damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers