Chapter 19: Blood Components and Functions
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Questions and Answers

What type of tissue is blood?

  • Connective (correct)
  • Epithelial
  • Nervous
  • Muscle

What is the approximate normal pH of blood?

  • 6.85-7.20
  • 7.35-7.45 (correct)
  • 7.65-7.90
  • 6.35-6.45

What percentage of body weight does blood volume account for?

  • 7 percent (correct)
  • 3 percent
  • 25 percent
  • 14 percent

What is the fluid component of whole blood called?

<p>Plasma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process separates whole blood into plasma and formed elements?

<p>Fractionation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Approximately what percentage of plasma is water?

<p>90 percent (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the most abundant plasma protein?

<p>Albumins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which plasma protein is essential for blood clotting?

<p>Fibrinogen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are more than 90 percent of plasma proteins made?

<p>Liver (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a formed element in blood?

<p>Plasma protein (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of producing formed elements called?

<p>Hemopoiesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following formed elements is essential for transporting oxygen?

<p>Red blood cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an alternative term for red blood cells (RBCs)?

<p>Erythrocytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of red blood cells?

<p>Hemoglobin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the percentage of formed elements in blood?

<p>Hematocrit (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical shape of a red blood cell?

<p>Biconcave disc (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name for the stacks that red blood cells form?

<p>Rouleaux (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is lacking in mature red blood cells?

<p>Nuclei (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Approximately how long do red blood cells live?

<p>120 days (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal hemoglobin range in adult males?

<p>14–18 g/dL (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What gives whole blood its color?

<p>Hemoglobin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the form of hemoglobin found in an embryo or fetus called?

<p>Fetal hemoglobin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition results from reduced hematocrit or hemoglobin content in RBCs?

<p>Anemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does erythropoiesis occur in adults?

<p>Myeloid tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name for the stem cells which produce myeloid and lymphoid stem cell lines?

<p>Hemocytoblasts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone stimulates erythropoiesis?

<p>Erythropoietin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to abnormally high hemolysis in the bloodstream, resulting in red or brown urine?

<p>Hemoglobinuria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is caused by a buildup of bilirubin?

<p>Jaundice (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the surface antigens on RBCs called that determine blood type?

<p>Agglutinogens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which blood type has both A and B antigens?

<p>Type AB (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What antibodies are present in type A blood?

<p>Anti-B antibodies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can occur if donor and recipient blood types are not compatible?

<p>Cross-reaction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining characteristic of white blood cells (WBCs)?

<p>Presence of nucleus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an alternative term for white blood cells?

<p>Leukocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the attraction of WBCs to chemical stimuli?

<p>Chemotaxis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are neutrophils also called?

<p>Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of circulating WBCs do neutrophils represent?

<p>50-70 percent (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of white blood cell releases histamine?

<p>Basophils (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which formed elements are cell fragments involved in the clotting system.

<p>thrombocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone controls platelet production?

<p>Thrombopoietin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first phase of hemostasis?

<p>Vascular phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a component of the cardiovascular system?

<p>A pump (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key function of blood?

<p>Defending against toxins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate temperature of blood?

<p>38°C (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the components of whole blood?

<p>Plasma and formed elements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of plasma is made up of water?

<p>More than 90 percent (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a plasma protein?

<p>Albumin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of fibrinogen?

<p>Blood clotting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are most plasma proteins made?

<p>Liver (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which formed element is responsible for transporting oxygen?

<p>Red blood cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of white blood cells?

<p>Defend the body (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are platelets important for?

<p>Blood clotting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of formed elements in blood called?

<p>Hematocrit (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the shape of a red blood cell?

<p>Biconcave disc (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for red blood cells?

<p>Erythrocytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What protein is found in red blood cells?

<p>Hemoglobin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What pigment gives whole blood its color?

<p>Hemoglobin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cells divide to produce myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells?

<p>Hemocytoblasts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name for red blood cell production?

<p>Erythropoiesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The molecules on RBCs that determine blood type are called:

<p>Surface antigens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which blood type has neither A nor B antigens?

<p>Type O (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the clumping of red blood cells called?

<p>Agglutination (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If someone has Rh surface antigens, what is their blood type?

<p>Rh positive (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another term for white blood cells?

<p>Leukocytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the attraction of WBCs to chemical stimuli called?

<p>Chemotaxis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for neutrophils?

<p>Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of platelets?

<p>Releasing clotting chemicals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Platelets circulate in the body for how long?

<p>9–12 days (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are platelets also called?

<p>Thrombocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cessation of bleeding called?

<p>Hemostasis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers vascular spasm during hemostasis?

<p>A cut (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Factor III also called?

<p>Tissue factor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Activated proenzymes usually use which factor?

<p>Factor XII (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is needed for synthesis of four clotting factors?

<p>Vitamin K (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action pulls torn edges of a vessel closer together?

<p>Clot retraction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process digests fibrin strands?

<p>Plasmin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Thrombin do?

<p>Converts fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does colony stimulating factors regulate?

<p>WBC populations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of blood?

<p>Transporting hormones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate normal temperature of blood in degrees Celsius?

<p>38 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of separating whole blood into plasma and formed elements called?

<p>Fractionation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the most abundant component of plasma?

<p>Water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which plasma protein contributes the most to plasma osmolarity?

<p>Albumins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are the majority of plasma proteins produced?

<p>Liver (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a formed element found in blood?

<p>Red blood cell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of formed elements do RBCs make up?

<p>99.9% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key function of red blood cells:

<p>To transport oxygen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of formed elements in whole blood called?

<p>Hematocrit (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the shape of red blood cells?

<p>Biconcave disc (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In adults, where does erythropoiesis primarily occur?

<p>Myeloid tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are hemocytoblasts also called?

<p>Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are surface antigens on RBCs also called?

<p>Agglutinogens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the hormones that regulate white blood cell populations?

<p>Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is the cardiovascular system?

The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

What is blood?

Specialized connective tissue containing cells suspended in a fluid matrix.

What are the functions of blood?

Transporting gases, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic wastes; regulating pH and ion composition; restricting fluid loss; defending against toxins and pathogens; stabilizing body temperature.

What are the main components of whole blood?

Plasma and formed elements (cells and cell fragments).

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What is fractionation in the context of blood?

Separating whole blood into plasma and formed elements using a centrifuge.

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What is plasma?

Fluid matrix of blood; makes up about 55% of blood volume; contains water, plasma proteins, and other solutes.

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What is hematocrit?

The percentage of formed elements in blood.

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What are the major types of plasma proteins?

Albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen.

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What is the function of albumins?

Major contributor to plasma osmolarity; transports fatty acids and hormones.

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What are globulins?

Antibodies (immunoglobulins) and transport globulins.

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What is fibrinogen?

Soluble protein that functions in blood clotting; converted to insoluble fibrin.

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Where do plasma proteins originate?

Originate mainly in the liver, with antibodies from plasma cells and peptide hormones from endocrine organs.

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What are the three types of formed elements?

Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

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What is hemopoiesis (or hematopoiesis)?

The process of producing formed elements (blood cells).

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What are platelets?

Small, membrane-bound cell fragments containing enzymes and other substances important for clotting.

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What is the role of white blood cells (leukocytes)?

They play a role in the body's defense mechanisms.

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What is the role of red blood cells (erythrocytes)?

They are the most abundant blood cells, and essential for oxygen transport.

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What are red blood cells (RBCs)?

Also called erythrocytes; make up 99.9% of formed elements; contain hemoglobin.

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What is a red blood cell count?

Number of RBCs per microliter of whole blood.

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Describe the structure of RBCs

Small, highly specialized cells; biconcave discs.

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What are the important effects of RBC structure on function?

Quick oxygen absorption/release, ability to form rouleaux, and flexibility entering capillaries.

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What are the characteristics of mature RBCs?

Mature RBCs lack nuclei, mitochondria, and ribosomes; unable to divide/synthesize; live ~120 days.

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What is hemoglobin?

Protein in RBCs that transports respiratory gases. Normal range in adults is 12-18 g/dL.

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What is the structure of hemoglobin?

Two alpha and two beta chains, each with one molecule of heme containing one iron ion.

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What is fetal hemoglobin?

Form of hemoglobin in embryo or fetus; binds oxygen more readily than adult hemoglobin.

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How does hemoglobin function in peripheral capillaries?

When Oâ‚‚ is low, hemoglobin releases Oâ‚‚ and binds COâ‚‚.

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Anemia

Results when hematocrit or Hb content of RBCs is reduced.

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Erythropoiesis

Red blood cell formation.

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What are hemocytoblasts?

Hemopoietic stem cells that produce myeloid or lymphoid stem cells.

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What is Erythropoietin (EPO)?

Hormone that stimulates erythropoiesis; secreted by kidneys and liver when oxygen is low(hypoxia).

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What are surface antigens?

Surface antigens on plasma membranes that identify cells to immune system.

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Blood type

Based on presence or absence of surface antigens (A, B, Rh).

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When do anti-Rh antibodies exist?

Only sensitized Rh- blood has anti-Rh antibodies.

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What happens in a cross-reaction?

Antibodies react; causes agglutination and hemolysis if blood types mismatch.

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What is transfusion reaction?

May occur in a transfusion of blood/plasma from one person to another

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What are white blood cells (WBCs)?

Also called leukocytes; possess nuclei and organelles; lack hemoglobin; defend body.

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What are the types of WBCs?

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes.

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What are neutrophils?

Also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes; phagocytic; release cytotoxic chemicals.

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What are eosinophils?

Attack parasites; sensitive to allergens; reduce inflammation.

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What are basophils?

Release histamine and heparin; promote inflammation.

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Cardiovascular System

System consisting of a pump (the heart), conducting hoses (blood vessels), and fluid connective tissue (blood).

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Hemopoiesis

Process of producing formed elements

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Blood Plasma

The fluid matrix of blood, 92% water, 7% proteins, 1% solutes.

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Hematocrit

A measure of the percentage of formed elements in whole blood

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Albumins

Mainly produced by the liver; contribute to osmotic pressure, transport, etc

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Immunoglobulins

Antibodies that attack foreign cells

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Platelets

Cell fragments crucial for blood clotting.

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Red Blood Cells

Also known as erythrocytes, they make up 99.9% of formed elements.

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Hemoglobin

Protein in RBCs that binds and transports oxygen and carbon dioxide.

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Hemoglobin Recycling

Macrophages engulf aged RBCs then iron is recycled in the bone marrow

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Agglutinogens

Surface markers designating blood type (A, B, AB, O)

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Agglutinins

Antibodies that attack foreign RBC antigens , causing agglutination.

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Type O-

The universal blood donor type is?

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Cross-reaction

When an antibody meets its surface antigen, it causes clumping and hemolysis

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WBC Functions

What is the main function of leukocytes?

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Chemotaxis

Migration towards specific chemical stimuli

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Neutrophils

Active, phagocytic WBC which attacks and digests bacteria

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Platelet Adhesion

What do the platelets do, during the platelet phase?

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Colony-stimulating factors

Hormones regulating WBC populations

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Platelets

Also known as thrombocytes, these cell fragments play key role in blood clotting

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Hemostasis

Multistep process that halts bleeding

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Vascular Phase

Damage triggers vascular spasm, endothelium releases endothelins

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Platelet Aggregation

Activated platelets stick together on exposed surfaces.

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Coagulation Phase

Chain reactions involving clotting factors to form a blood clot

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Extrinsic Pathway

Triggered by damaged cells releasing tissue factor

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Intrinsic Pathway

Begins with proenzymes exposed to collagen; platelets release PF-3

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Common Pathway

Factor X activates prothrombin activator; thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin

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Anticoagulants

Enzymes that inhibit blood clotting

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Clot Retraction

Pulls torn vessel edges closer together

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Deep Vein Thrombosis

What results when blood clots block circulation?

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Fibrinolysis

Gradual process of dissolving a blood clot

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Blood Fractionation

Process of separating whole blood into plasma and formed elements.

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Blood Volume (Adult Male)

The cardiovascular system of an adult male contains 5-6 liters of blood.

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Blood Volume (Adult Female)

The cardiovascular system of an adult female contains 4-5 liters of blood.

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Platelets (PLÄ€T-lets)

Small, membrane-bound cell fragments that contain enzymes for clotting.

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Red Blood Cell Count

Number of RBCs per microliter of whole blood

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Hematocrit Value (Adult Male)

Adult males have the range of hematocrit 46.

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Hematocrit Value (Adult Female)

Adult females have the range of hematocrit 42.

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Adult male haemoglobin

Normal hemoglobin in adult male: 14-18 g/dL whole blood

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Adult Female Haemoglobin

Normal hemoglobin in adult female: 12-16 g/dL whole blood

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Hemoglobinuria

Red or brown tinged urine due to high hemolysis in the bloodstream.

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Hematuria

The presence of whole RBCs in urine.

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Jaundice

The presence of yellow tinged skin or build-up of bilirubin.

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Type A Agglutinins

Type A blood contains anti-B antibodies

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Type B Agglutinins

Type B blood contains anti-A antibodies

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Type O Agglutinins

Both anti-A and anti-B antibodies exist in type O blood

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Type AB Agglutinins

Neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies exist in type AB blood

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Degranalation (Neutrophils)

Neutrophils that digest through the reduction of granules

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Study Notes

  • Chapter 19 is about blood
  • Lecture presentation by Deborah A. Hutchinson from Seattle University

Learning Outcomes

  • 19-1 involves describing blood components, major functions, collection sites, physical characteristics, plasma composition, and functions
  • 19-2 involves listing characteristics and functions of red blood cells, describing hemoglobin's structure and functions, red blood cell component recycling, erythropoiesis, and respiratory gas transport
  • 19-3 involves explaining the importance of blood typing, the basis for ABO, and Rh incompatibilities
  • 19-4 involves categorizing white blood cell types based on structure and function. Discussing the factors that regulate the production of each type.
  • 19-5 involves describing the structure, function, and production of platelets
  • 19-6 involves discussing mechanisms to control blood loss after injury and reaction sequences for blood clotting

Blood and the Cardiovascular System

  • The cardiovascular system consists of a pump (the heart), conducting hoses (blood vessels), and fluid connective tissue (blood)

Components and Functions of Blood

  • Blood is a specialized connective tissue that contains cells suspended in a fluid matrix
  • Functions of blood include:
  • Transporting dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic wastes
  • Regulating pH, ion composition of interstitial fluids
  • Restricting fluid losses at injury sites
  • Defending against toxins and pathogens
  • Stabilizing body temperature

Characteristics of Blood

  • Temperature is approximately 38°C (100.4°F)
  • Exhibits high viscosity
  • It is slightly alkaline with a pH between 7.35 and 7.45
  • Blood volume is 7% of body weight (in kilograms).
  • For example, a 75 kg (165 lb) person has approximately 5.25 liters (5.4 quarts) of blood

Whole Blood and Fractionation

  • Whole blood includes plasma and formed elements
  • Plasma is a fluid
  • Formed elements are cells and cell fragments
  • Fractionation is the process of separating whole blood into plasma and formed elements

Plasma Composition

  • Plasma accounts for about 46-63% of blood volume, not 55%
  • Water makes up more than 90% of plasma
  • It also contains dissolved plasma proteins and other solutes
  • Plasma resembles interstitial fluid
  • This is because water, ions, and small solutes are exchanged across capillary walls
  • Plasma also contains 7% plasma proteins and 1% other solutes

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Explore blood components, functions, and characteristics. Learn about red and white blood cells, blood typing, and clotting mechanisms. Understand the role of blood in the cardiovascular system.

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