Blood Types and Cardiovascular System Quiz

Rh Factor and Pregnancy

• During a second pregnancy, an Rh- mother carrying an Rh+ baby can develop antibodies against the Rh factor.
• These antibodies can cross the placenta and attack the baby's red blood cells, leading to hemolytic disease of the newborn.

Blood Types

• Blood type O is known as the universal donor because it lacks A and B antigens.
• Agglutinogens are antigens found on the surface of red blood cells that determine blood type.
• Hemolytic disease of the newborn is associated with Rh incompatibility between mother and fetus.
• Blood typing is usually done by mixing blood with antibodies specific to each blood type and observing for agglutination (clumping).
• The major risk factor for transfusion reactions is incompatibility between donor and recipient blood types.
• Rh-positive blood is defined by the presence of the Rh factor (D antigen) on red blood cells.
• Cross-matching in blood typing involves testing the compatibility of donor and recipient blood samples to prevent transfusion reactions.

Cardiovascular System

• The primary function of the cardiovascular system is to transport oxygen, nutrients, and other substances throughout the body, while also removing waste products.
• The genotype for blood type A is either AA or AO.
• Blood type AB is known as the universal recipient because it lacks antibodies against A and B antigens.

Heart Anatomy

• The visceral pericardium, also known as the epicardium, is the layer of the pericardium directly in contact with the heart.
• The interatrial septum separates the left and right atria.
• Blood type O lacks A and B antigens.
• The right atrium and right ventricle are responsible for receiving deoxygenated blood.

Blood Type Alleles

• The A and B alleles in blood types are codominant.

Pulmonary Circulation

• The primary function of pulmonary circulation is to transport deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation and return the oxygenated blood back to the heart.
• Pulmonary veins deposit oxygenated blood in the left atrium of the heart.

Systemic Circulation

• The aorta carries oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body.
• During the nutrient and gas exchange phase in systemic circulation, oxygen and nutrients are delivered to tissues, while carbon dioxide and waste products are collected.
• Deoxygenated blood returns to the heart via the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava.
• The aorta carries oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body.

Cardiac Cycle

• The diastole phase corresponds to the filling of the heart chambers.
• The body's circulatory system is responsible for transporting blood, oxygen, nutrients, and waste products throughout the body.

Capillary Function

• Capillaries are the primary site for exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the blood and tissues.

Blood Vessel Structure

• The tunica externa is the outermost layer of blood vessels, composed of connective tissue.
• The tunica media is responsible for vasoconstriction and vasodilation, and is composed of smooth muscle.
• Skeletal muscle contraction helps propel blood back to the heart in veins.

Blood Vessel Types

• Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart.
• Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

Capillary Beds

• The vascular shunt is a direct connection between arterioles and venules in capillary beds, bypassing the capillary network.
• Blood flow in capillaries is influenced by pressure differences between the arterial and venous ends of the capillary.

Systemic Circulation: Arteries

• The brachiocephalic artery is a branch of the aortic arch involved in systemic circulation.

Capillary Exchange

• Capillary exchange mechanisms are responsible for the movement of substances between the blood and tissues.
• Direct diffusion is a method of capillary exchange where substances move across the capillary wall down their concentration gradients.

Arteries of the Abdominal Aorta

• The left gastric artery is a branch of the celiac trunk.
• The superior mesenteric artery supplies blood to the small intestines.
• The renal artery supplies blood to the kidneys.
• The inferior mesenteric artery supplies blood to the large intestines and rectum.
• The common iliac artery is not a branch of the abdominal aorta.
• The renal vein drains blood from the kidneys.