Questions and Answers
What does Progressivism refer to?
What was the Triangle Fire?
What were some characteristics of the Progressive Era?
Economic expansion of cities, increased consumerism, severe inequalities in urban areas, labor strife.
Who was Lewis Hine?
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What did Muckrakers do?
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Ellis Island was the main facility for processing Asian immigrants.
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What does Fordism refer to?
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The restrictions upon liberty in the Progressive Era were ________ not political.
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What was the significance of the Lawrence, MA strike?
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
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What was the Federal Reserve System designed to do?
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The Clayton Act allowed courts to issue injunctions against strikes.
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What did the Keating-Owen Act aim to do?
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What was the main purpose of the Pure Food & Drug Act?
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Who founded the Hull House?
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The _______ of African Americans was supported by the majority of white southern progressives.
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William Howard Taft maintained the same liberal views as Teddy Roosevelt.
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Study Notes
Progressivism
- A political movement aimed at significant social and political change in the US.
Triangle Fire
- A tragic incident in New York resulting in the death of 146 women, leading to reforms in factory inspection laws and fire safety codes.
Progressive Era Characteristics
- Notable for economic expansion, increased consumerism, stark urban inequalities, and labor conflicts questioning government roles.
Urban Inequalities
- A comparison highlighting the disparity between impoverished tenements and affluent neighborhoods like Fifth Avenue.
Lewis Hine
- A photographer who captured the negative impacts of corporate greed on traditional values through his work.
Muckrakers
- Journalists dedicated to exposing the societal issues of urban life during the Progressive Era.
The Jungle
- A novel by Upton Sinclair exposing the harsh realities of immigrant life and unsanitary conditions in meatpacking plants, prompting the Meat Inspection Act.
Immigration Trends
- Immigration increased during this era driven by poverty, illiteracy, and declining economies in immigrants' home countries.
Ellis Island
- The main processing facility for European immigrants entering the US, located in New York Harbor.
Angel Island
- Known as the "Ellis Island of the West," located in San Francisco Bay, serving as the entry point for Asian immigrants.
Economic Restrictions
- Liberty limitations in the Progressive Era were primarily economic rather than political.
Mass Consumption
- Characterized by a wide variety of consumer goods available, including household appliances such as washing machines and vacuum cleaners.
Working Women
- Became symbols of emancipation and transforming gender roles in Progressive America.
Fordism
- An economic model focused on mass production and consumption principles initiated by Henry Ford.
Taylorism
- A methodology for streamlining production processes to enhance productivity and profitability.
Louis D. Brandeis
- Advocated for strong unions and workers' rights, opposing Taylorism's autocratic nature.
Impact of Ford and Taylor
- Represented the loss of workplace freedom due to assembly line work structures.
Highland Park Factory
- Ford’s pioneering plant featuring a moving assembly line and offering double the average wages to draw skilled labor.
Socialists
- Viewed themselves as defenders of freedom, opposing capitalist interests perceived to control government actions.
Socialist Party
- Led by Eugene Debs, they advocated for improved labor conditions, free education, and public ownership of railroads.
IWW (Industrial Workers of the World)
- Known as the Wobblies, a union group promoting inclusivity and labor rights, notably incorporating the Chinese.
Lawrence, MA
- Site of a significant labor victory focusing on reducing working hours and wages, characterized by children's marches.
Ludlow Tent City
- A coal miners' strike in Colorado, marked by violence and the tragic burning of a tent, impacting labor relations.
Appeal to Reason
- A prominent socialist weekly newspaper based in Kansas that reached a wide audience.
American Federation of Labor (AFL)
- Represents the interests of skilled industrial workers, focusing on the most privileged labor groups.
Civil Liberties
- Essential rights including the right to strike and freedom of speech emerged as fundamental in the 20th century.
Feminism
- Evolved during the Progressive Era emphasizing women's rights, including suffrage and sexual self-determination.
Emma Goldman
- An activist who championed anarchism, sexual freedom, and birth control advocacy.
Margaret Sanger
- Prominent in the birth control movement, wrote columns and magazines to educate women on sexual health.
Society of American Indians
- Advocated for Native American rights and aimed to address injustices independently of white influences.
Carlos Montezuma
- An early voice in Indian radicalism promoting self-determination for Native Americans via the Society of American Indians.
Homosexual Communities
- Many were drawn to Greenwich Village due to its accepting and tolerant environments fostered by feminists.
Indifference of Progressives
- Many white progressives displayed apathy towards the struggles faced by African Americans.
Disfranchisement of African Americans
- Supported by the majority of white southern progressives, limiting African American democratic participation.
Grassroots Progressives
- Generally viewed as the more positive faction of the progressive movement, differing from more problematic elements.
Social Legislation
- Government actions aimed at addressing urban challenges and enhancing working-class life including minimum wage and workplace safety.
Worldwide Progressivism
- An international response to social stress caused by rapid industrialization and urban growth.
John Dewey
- Proposed that true freedom involves positive actions beyond merely avoiding outside restraint.
Political Reform
- Progressives aimed to unify the populace through enhanced democratic processes.
Robert La Follette
- A significant state-level progressive known for advocating taxation and regulation without reliance on political bosses.
Hiram Johnson
- Advocated for the Public Utilities Act, child labor laws, and restrictions on women’s working hours in California.
17th Amendment
- Enhanced democracy by establishing direct election of senators by popular vote.
Excluded Groups
- African Americans and the poor faced barriers to voting through restrictive tests and regulations.
Hull House
- A settlement house founded by Jane Addams aimed at improving conditions for immigrant populations and marginalized women.
Jane Addams
- A leading reformer and founder of Hull House, who dedicated herself to social improvement and immigrant support.
Family Claim
- Concept emphasizing devotion to family roles including husband, wife, and parenting responsibilities.
Florence Kelly
- Advocated for better working conditions, especially concerning women and children, leading the National Consumers' League.
Brandeis & Muller v. Oregon
- Legal case upholding a law that set maximum working hours for women, reinforcing views of women as weaker than men.
Workmen's Compensation Laws
- Designed to provide benefits to workers injured on the job.
Square Deal
- Teddy Roosevelt’s approach addressing economic consolidation by distinguishing between good and bad corporations.
J.P. Morgan
- His monopoly within the Northern Securities Co. was dismantled by Roosevelt under the Sherman Antitrust Act.
National State
- A significant political development in the early 20th century, marked by the rise of national corporations and sporting leagues.
Hepburn Act
- Empowered the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to review railroad business practices and set fair rates.
Pure Food & Drug Act
- Legislation influenced by Upton Sinclair’s "The Jungle," ensuring consumer product safety and integrity.
Conservationist
- A label for Theodore Roosevelt reflecting his commitment to preserving natural resources, including the establishment of Yellowstone National Park.
Laissez-faire
- Refers to Roosevelt's economic liberalism advocating minimal government interference in business.
William Howard Taft
- His presidency caused division in the Republican Party, lacking impactful legacies compared to his predecessors.
Eugene Debs
- Socialist candidate in the 1912 election advocating for public ownership and the abolition of capitalism.
Theodore Roosevelt
- Advocated for women's rights and shaped the political landscape of liberalism throughout the 20th century.
Election of 1912
- A pivotal political debate focused on the future of economic freedom in the United States.
Woodrow Wilson
- Connected to significant legislation including the Underwood Tariff and the Clayton Act, focusing on economic oversight.
Underwood Tariff
- Aimed at reducing import duties while imposing taxes on higher earners to protect workers.
Clayton Act
- Enforced legislation that prevented courts from issuing injunctions against labor strikes.
Keating-Owen Act
- Outlawed child labor for interstate commerce products; however, it didn’t address agricultural labor.
Federal Reserve System
- Established to stabilize the banking sector and regulate interest rates to foster economic growth.
Federal Trade Commission
- Investigated and curtailed unfair business practices like monopolies and price-fixing.
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Description
Test your knowledge with flashcards from Chapter 18 of 'Give Me Liberty!' This chapter focuses on key concepts related to progressivism and significant events like the Triangle Fire. Enhance your understanding of the social and political movements that shaped modern America.
