Podcast
Questions and Answers
Who attacked the Standard Oil Company with the book Wealth Against Commonwealth?
Who attacked the Standard Oil Company with the book Wealth Against Commonwealth?
Henry Demarest Lloyd
What work did Jacob A. Riis publish to describe the dark slums of New York?
What work did Jacob A. Riis publish to describe the dark slums of New York?
How the Other Half Lives
What term applies to newspaper reporters and writers who pointed out social problems during the Progressive Era?
What term applies to newspaper reporters and writers who pointed out social problems during the Progressive Era?
Muckrakers
What was the main focus of Lincoln Steffens' series titled 'The Shame of the Cities'?
What was the main focus of Lincoln Steffens' series titled 'The Shame of the Cities'?
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Who published a factual depiction of the Standard Oil Company?
Who published a factual depiction of the Standard Oil Company?
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What were the two goals of progressives?
What were the two goals of progressives?
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What were the four government changes that progressives supported?
What were the four government changes that progressives supported?
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What does the initiative allow citizens to do?
What does the initiative allow citizens to do?
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What is a referendum?
What is a referendum?
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What does recall mean in a political context?
What does recall mean in a political context?
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What did the 17th Amendment establish?
What did the 17th Amendment establish?
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What did the 18th Amendment prohibit?
What did the 18th Amendment prohibit?
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What was the Square Deal?
What was the Square Deal?
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What event happened in Pennsylvania in 1902 involving coal miners?
What event happened in Pennsylvania in 1902 involving coal miners?
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What is the purpose of the Department of Commerce created in 1903?
What is the purpose of the Department of Commerce created in 1903?
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What did the Elkins Act aim to counter?
What did the Elkins Act aim to counter?
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What did the Hepburn Act of 1906 achieve?
What did the Hepburn Act of 1906 achieve?
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What was the outcome of the Supreme Court's ruling on the Northern Securities Company in 1902?
What was the outcome of the Supreme Court's ruling on the Northern Securities Company in 1902?
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What was the Meat Inspection Act of 1906 designed to do?
What was the Meat Inspection Act of 1906 designed to do?
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What 'motherly' role did women play in the Progressive Era?
What 'motherly' role did women play in the Progressive Era?
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What was the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 aimed at preventing?
What was the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 aimed at preventing?
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What did the Desert Land Act of 1887 allow?
What did the Desert Land Act of 1887 allow?
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What does multiple-use resource management entail?
What does multiple-use resource management entail?
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What is the significance of the 'Roosevelt Panic' of 1907?
What is the significance of the 'Roosevelt Panic' of 1907?
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What did the Aldrich-Vreeland Act authorize?
What did the Aldrich-Vreeland Act authorize?
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Who was chosen as the Republican Party candidate in the 1908 election?
Who was chosen as the Republican Party candidate in the 1908 election?
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What was the Open Door Policy regarding trade in China?
What was the Open Door Policy regarding trade in China?
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What was the outcome of the Standard Oil Company case in 1911?
What was the outcome of the Standard Oil Company case in 1911?
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What does the 'rule of reason' doctrine state?
What does the 'rule of reason' doctrine state?
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What did the Payne-Aldrich Bill impose?
What did the Payne-Aldrich Bill impose?
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What was sparked by the Ballinger-Pinchot quarrel?
What was sparked by the Ballinger-Pinchot quarrel?
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What was the National Progressive Republican League?
What was the National Progressive Republican League?
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What led to the Taft-Roosevelt explosion at the Republican convention in 1912?
What led to the Taft-Roosevelt explosion at the Republican convention in 1912?
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Study Notes
Progressivism and Key Figures
- Henry Demarest Lloyd criticized the Standard Oil Company in 1894 through his book, Wealth Against Commonwealth.
- Jacob A. Riis highlighted the poverty in New York’s slums with How the Other Half Lives (1890), also known for his impactful photography.
- Muckrakers, a term coined by Theodore Roosevelt, refers to journalists exposing social issues during the big business era.
- Lincoln Steffens' 1902 series "The Shame of the Cities" in McClure's revealed corruption between big business and city governments.
- Ida M. Tarbell's work provided a detailed critique of the Standard Oil Company's practices.
- David G. Phillips’ article "The Treason of the Senate" claimed that 75 out of 90 senators favored business interests over the people’s needs.
- Ray Stannard documented African American suppression in Following the Color Line (1908).
- John Spargo's The Bitter Cry of the Children (1906) addressed child labor abuses.
Goals and Reforms of Progressives
- Progressives aimed to utilize state power for trust regulation and to improve life and labor conditions to counter socialism.
- Supported governmental reforms included primary elections, initiative, referendum, and recall, enhancing citizen participation in democracy.
Legislative Changes
- The initiative empowered citizens to introduce bills to legislatures.
- A referendum involved the electorate voting on legislative acts.
- Recall allowed removal of elected officials through petitions.
- The 17th Amendment (1913) mandated direct election of senators.
- The 18th Amendment (1919) established Prohibition on alcoholic beverages.
- The 19th Amendment (1919) granted women the right to vote.
Notable Leaders
- Robert La Follette, as Wisconsin’s governor from 1901, reformed politics by diminishing corporate power in government and advocating for direct primaries.
- Hiram W. Johnson, Governor of California, disrupted Southern Pacific Railroad's political dominance in 1910.
Labor Movements and Consumer Advocacy
- Founded in 1903, the Women's Trade Union League organized female workers and advocated for protective labor laws.
- The National Consumers League, under Florence Kelly, mobilized women to demand better wages and working conditions.
Roosevelt's Square Deal
- Roosevelt's platform, known as the Square Deal, focused on consumer protection, conservation, and corporate control.
Significant Events and Legislation
- In 1902, coal miners struck for better wages and shorter hours; a compromise provided a 10% wage increase and reduced work hours.
- The Department of Commerce was established in 1903 to mediate labor-capital conflicts and investigate illegal corporate actions.
- The Elkins Act (1903) targeted railroad rebate abuses, enforcing penalties for violations.
- The Hepburn Act (1906) aimed to tighten the Interstate Commerce Commission's regulations, expanding its authority.
Consumer Protection Laws
- The Meat Inspection Act (1906) mandated federal inspection of meat for interstate commerce due to health scares.
- The Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) aimed to prevent food and drug adulteration and mislabeling.
Conservation Efforts
- The Desert Land Act (1887) allowed cheap federal land sales contingent on irrigation plans.
- The Forest Reserve Act (1891) empowered the president to create national parks.
- The Carey Act (1894) distributed federal land to states for irrigation.
- The Newlands Act (1902) enabled federal funding for irrigation from the sale of public lands.
Economic Challenges and Political Developments
- Theodore Roosevelt’s presidency spanned 1901-1909 and faced economic turbulence, known as the "Roosevelt Panic" of 1907.
- The Aldrich-Vreeland Act (1908) allowed national banks to issue emergency currency backed by collateral in response to the panic.
- William Howard Taft was nominated by the Republican Party for the 1908 election, while William Jennings Bryan was the Democratic candidate.
- Taft's "dollar diplomacy" promoted American investments in strategic foreign areas to enhance both economic interests and foreign relations.
Trust Regulation and Political Tensions
- The Supreme Court dissolved the Standard Oil Company in 1911 for violating the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.
- The "rule of reason" established that only unreasonable trade restraints were illegal.
- The Payne-Aldrich Bill (1909) raised tariffs contrary to Taft's campaign promises, causing rifts within the party.
- The Ballinger-Pinchot affair in 1910 highlighted tensions in conservation policies, leading to protests among conservationists.
- The National Progressive Republican League was founded by La Follette in 1911 to promote progressive candidates within the Republican Party.
- In June 1912, the Republican convention's votes led to a confrontation between Taft and Roosevelt supporters, reflecting divisions in the party.
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Description
Explore the influential figures and writings of the Progressive Era in this quiz. From muckrakers like Ida M. Tarbell to social reformers like Jacob A. Riis, discover how their works shaped public awareness of social issues and spurred reforms. Test your knowledge of the pivotal texts and their authors that exposed the injustices of their time.
