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Progressivism and Key Figures
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Progressivism and Key Figures

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@BenevolentDramaticIrony

Questions and Answers

Who attacked the Standard Oil Company with the book Wealth Against Commonwealth?

Henry Demarest Lloyd

What work did Jacob A. Riis publish to describe the dark slums of New York?

How the Other Half Lives

What term applies to newspaper reporters and writers who pointed out social problems during the Progressive Era?

Muckrakers

What was the main focus of Lincoln Steffens' series titled 'The Shame of the Cities'?

<p>The corrupt alliance between big business and municipal government</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who published a factual depiction of the Standard Oil Company?

<p>Ida M. Tarbell</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the two goals of progressives?

<p>To use state power to control the trusts and to stem the socialist threat by improving conditions of life and labor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the four government changes that progressives supported?

<p>Primary elections, initiative, referendum, and recall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the initiative allow citizens to do?

<p>Introduce a bill into the legislative and require a vote on it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a referendum?

<p>A legislative act referred for final approval to a popular vote.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does recall mean in a political context?

<p>The act of removing an official by petition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the 17th Amendment establish?

<p>Direct election of senators.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the 18th Amendment prohibit?

<p>The manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Square Deal?

<p>Roosevelt's progressive platform consisting of consumer protection, conservation, and control of corporations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event happened in Pennsylvania in 1902 involving coal miners?

<p>Coal miners went on strike demanding pay increases and reduced hours.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Department of Commerce created in 1903?

<p>To address hostilities between capital and labor and assist welfare and working conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Elkins Act aim to counter?

<p>The loopholes of the ICC related to rebates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Hepburn Act of 1906 achieve?

<p>It forbade free passes and expanded ICC authority.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Supreme Court's ruling on the Northern Securities Company in 1902?

<p>They were forced to dissolve.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Meat Inspection Act of 1906 designed to do?

<p>Subject the preparation of meat shipped over state lines to federal inspection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What 'motherly' role did women play in the Progressive Era?

<p>Worked to protect food and ban child labor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 aimed at preventing?

<p>The adulteration and mislabeling of foods and pharmaceuticals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Desert Land Act of 1887 allow?

<p>The federal government could sell dry land cheaply on the condition of irrigation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does multiple-use resource management entail?

<p>Combining recreation, sustained-yield logging, watershed protection, and summer stock grazing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the 'Roosevelt Panic' of 1907?

<p>A short economic downturn blamed on Roosevelt's trust-busting policies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Aldrich-Vreeland Act authorize?

<p>National banks to issue emergency currency backed by collateral.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was chosen as the Republican Party candidate in the 1908 election?

<p>William Howard Taft.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Open Door Policy regarding trade in China?

<p>It proposed that all nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Standard Oil Company case in 1911?

<p>The Supreme Court ordered the dissolution of the Standard Oil Company.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'rule of reason' doctrine state?

<p>Only those trusts that unreasonably restrained trade are illegal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Payne-Aldrich Bill impose?

<p>A high tariff on many imports.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was sparked by the Ballinger-Pinchot quarrel?

<p>Conflict over conservation policies within the Taft administration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the National Progressive Republican League?

<p>Formed in 1911 to support Roosevelt as a primary candidate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What led to the Taft-Roosevelt explosion at the Republican convention in 1912?

<p>Claims of fraud in the voting process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Progressivism and Key Figures

  • Henry Demarest Lloyd criticized the Standard Oil Company in 1894 through his book, Wealth Against Commonwealth.
  • Jacob A. Riis highlighted the poverty in New York’s slums with How the Other Half Lives (1890), also known for his impactful photography.
  • Muckrakers, a term coined by Theodore Roosevelt, refers to journalists exposing social issues during the big business era.
  • Lincoln Steffens' 1902 series "The Shame of the Cities" in McClure's revealed corruption between big business and city governments.
  • Ida M. Tarbell's work provided a detailed critique of the Standard Oil Company's practices.
  • David G. Phillips’ article "The Treason of the Senate" claimed that 75 out of 90 senators favored business interests over the people’s needs.
  • Ray Stannard documented African American suppression in Following the Color Line (1908).
  • John Spargo's The Bitter Cry of the Children (1906) addressed child labor abuses.

Goals and Reforms of Progressives

  • Progressives aimed to utilize state power for trust regulation and to improve life and labor conditions to counter socialism.
  • Supported governmental reforms included primary elections, initiative, referendum, and recall, enhancing citizen participation in democracy.

Legislative Changes

  • The initiative empowered citizens to introduce bills to legislatures.
  • A referendum involved the electorate voting on legislative acts.
  • Recall allowed removal of elected officials through petitions.
  • The 17th Amendment (1913) mandated direct election of senators.
  • The 18th Amendment (1919) established Prohibition on alcoholic beverages.
  • The 19th Amendment (1919) granted women the right to vote.

Notable Leaders

  • Robert La Follette, as Wisconsin’s governor from 1901, reformed politics by diminishing corporate power in government and advocating for direct primaries.
  • Hiram W. Johnson, Governor of California, disrupted Southern Pacific Railroad's political dominance in 1910.

Labor Movements and Consumer Advocacy

  • Founded in 1903, the Women's Trade Union League organized female workers and advocated for protective labor laws.
  • The National Consumers League, under Florence Kelly, mobilized women to demand better wages and working conditions.

Roosevelt's Square Deal

  • Roosevelt's platform, known as the Square Deal, focused on consumer protection, conservation, and corporate control.

Significant Events and Legislation

  • In 1902, coal miners struck for better wages and shorter hours; a compromise provided a 10% wage increase and reduced work hours.
  • The Department of Commerce was established in 1903 to mediate labor-capital conflicts and investigate illegal corporate actions.
  • The Elkins Act (1903) targeted railroad rebate abuses, enforcing penalties for violations.
  • The Hepburn Act (1906) aimed to tighten the Interstate Commerce Commission's regulations, expanding its authority.

Consumer Protection Laws

  • The Meat Inspection Act (1906) mandated federal inspection of meat for interstate commerce due to health scares.
  • The Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) aimed to prevent food and drug adulteration and mislabeling.

Conservation Efforts

  • The Desert Land Act (1887) allowed cheap federal land sales contingent on irrigation plans.
  • The Forest Reserve Act (1891) empowered the president to create national parks.
  • The Carey Act (1894) distributed federal land to states for irrigation.
  • The Newlands Act (1902) enabled federal funding for irrigation from the sale of public lands.

Economic Challenges and Political Developments

  • Theodore Roosevelt’s presidency spanned 1901-1909 and faced economic turbulence, known as the "Roosevelt Panic" of 1907.
  • The Aldrich-Vreeland Act (1908) allowed national banks to issue emergency currency backed by collateral in response to the panic.
  • William Howard Taft was nominated by the Republican Party for the 1908 election, while William Jennings Bryan was the Democratic candidate.
  • Taft's "dollar diplomacy" promoted American investments in strategic foreign areas to enhance both economic interests and foreign relations.

Trust Regulation and Political Tensions

  • The Supreme Court dissolved the Standard Oil Company in 1911 for violating the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.
  • The "rule of reason" established that only unreasonable trade restraints were illegal.
  • The Payne-Aldrich Bill (1909) raised tariffs contrary to Taft's campaign promises, causing rifts within the party.
  • The Ballinger-Pinchot affair in 1910 highlighted tensions in conservation policies, leading to protests among conservationists.
  • The National Progressive Republican League was founded by La Follette in 1911 to promote progressive candidates within the Republican Party.
  • In June 1912, the Republican convention's votes led to a confrontation between Taft and Roosevelt supporters, reflecting divisions in the party.

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Explore the influential figures and writings of the Progressive Era in this quiz. From muckrakers like Ida M. Tarbell to social reformers like Jacob A. Riis, discover how their works shaped public awareness of social issues and spurred reforms. Test your knowledge of the pivotal texts and their authors that exposed the injustices of their time.

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