Chapter 14: Kidneys and Regulation of Water and Ions

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What is the primary function of the kidneys?

To maintain homeostasis of water and inorganic ions (correct)
To produce hormones for growth and development
To filter oxygen from the air
To regulate body temperature

What is the purpose of the reflexes that alter excretion via the urine?

To maintain blood sugar levels
To filter oxygen from the air
To regulate body temperature
To regulate body water and inorganic ion balances (correct)

What happens to a substance in the body if the quantities ingested and produced equal the quantities excreted and metabolized?

Its concentration in the body remains relatively constant (correct)
Its concentration in the body decreases
Its concentration in the body increases
It is completely eliminated from the body

What is one of the ways the kidneys process the plasma portion of the blood?

By removing substances from it (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the kidneys excreting just enough water and inorganic ions?

The amounts of these substances in the body remain relatively constant (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the overall effect of the kidneys' role in regulating water, inorganic ion composition, acid-base balance, and fluid volume?

The body's internal environment remains relatively stable (B) Signup and view all the answers

What type of cell layer lines the hollow cylinder of the nephron?

epithelial cells (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the segment that drains Bowman's capsule?

proximal tubule (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of the loop of Henle?

Hairpin-like (C) Signup and view all the answers

Where does the urine drain into after passing through the collecting duct system?

Renal pelvis (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of capillaries surround the tubules along their length?

Peritubular capillaries (D) Signup and view all the answers

How many sets of capillaries are present in the kidneys?

Two (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the renal corpuscle?

To form a filtrate from blood that is free of cells and proteins (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the glomerulus in the nephron?

To filter about 20% of the plasma into Bowman's capsule (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the arteriole that supplies blood to the glomerulus?

Afferent arteriole (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the combination of the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule called?

Renal corpuscle (C) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the filtrate after it leaves the renal corpuscle?

It enters the tubule and substances are added to or removed from it (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the ducts where the fluid from each nephron combines to form urine?

Collecting ducts (B) Signup and view all the answers

Where does the bulk of sodium and water reabsorption occur?

Proximal tubule (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of sodium reabsorption in the tubular segments?

Active transport (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of sodium being reabsorbed into the tubular epithelial cells?

Decreased intracellular concentration of sodium (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of water reabsorption in the tubular segments?

Osmosis (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Na+/K+-ATPase pumps in sodium reabsorption?

Transporting sodium out of the tubular epithelial cells (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of sodium reabsorption on the reabsorption of other solutes?

It enhances the reabsorption of other solutes (A) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the local osmolarity of the tubular fluid adjacent to the cell when solutes are removed from the tubular lumen?

It decreases (D) Signup and view all the answers

What occurs as a result of the difference in water concentration between the lumen and interstitial fluid?

Net diffusion of water from the lumen across the tubular cells’ plasma membranes and/or tight junctions into the interstitial fluid (A) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the water, sodium, and everything else dissolved in the interstitial fluid after they move by diffusion into the interstitial fluid?

They move together by bulk flow into the peritubular capillaries (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of the appearance of solute in the interstitial fluid just outside the cell?

It decreases the local water concentration (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the direction of net diffusion of water due to the difference in water concentration between the lumen and interstitial fluid?

From the lumen into the interstitial fluid (B) Signup and view all the answers